388 Mr. J. Hardy on the Primrose-leaf Miner, 
hairy tegument of the leaf, is so like a portion of its substance, 
as sometimes to elude even a very close inspection. The pupa is 
of a light yellow or straw colour, with the seams of the segments 
brownish, and sometimes it is entirely light brown ; slipper- 
shaped, being rather tapered behind, a little swollen before the 
middle, conic and somewhat abruptly contracted anteriorly, where 
the edges of each of the wider segments overlap the one imme- 
diately preceding it ; smooth ; convex above, although sometimes 
rather compressed, suddenly sloping down in front ; segments 
very distinct, considerably convex, the division lines crenulate, 
scarcely continuous across the flattish underside, being indicated 
by transverse punctures and abbreviated lines ; the brown sharp- 
pointed fore-end projects a little beyond the line of the under 
surface of the body, and is tipped with two longish slender bent 
black spines, which approximate at their origin, but diverge out- 
wardly ; these, in perfect specimens, have at their apices an ar- 
mature like a fish-hook, both the barbs being reverted ; beneath 
these on the under surface there is a brown or rufous spot ; the 
last segment posteriorly has a channel down the middle with two 
ridges to bound it, and externally to these two corresponding 
depressions ; the apex is stern-shaped or subtriangular, with two 
long projecting points, one on each side, above ; each of which has 
a black spinous point, near the base of which a sharpened barb 
branches out, directed towards the upper surface of the body ; 
the apex is a tubercle halved by a fissure. Length 3 lme. The 
object of the barbed hooks with which the fore and hinder spi- 
racles are accessorily provided, and which are more distinct in 
this than in any other species I have observed, seems to be to 
insure the pupa-case from being separated from the leaf by or- 
dinary accidents. The hooks mvariably project beyond the cu- 
ticle, and are often snapped asunder and left behind in attempts 
to disengage the pupa-case. On the eve of assuming its final 
condition a breach is made in the case towards the anterior part, 
through which the imprisoned inmate obtains access to the open 
air; destitute of wings at first, but soon equipped with these ap- 
pendages, that enable it to pursue its destinies under a new and 
higher degree of development. The fly, whose early life and ul- 
timate début we have thus traced, presents the following charac- 
ters :—Black ; face black, but when alive gray in some lghts, 
with a deeper shade of black round the eyes and down the face ; 
front black, its edges gray, with a row on each of black bristle- 
bearing dots; vertex also bristled’; a grayish patch above the an- 
tenn, which as well as the bristle are black ; third joint large, 
circular, flattened, finely griseous downy; trunk white, palpi 
black ; thorax subquadrate, considerably convex, and as well as 
the scutellum slaty black, with several lines of black bristles along 
