near St. Andrews. 207 
to have slowly fallen back to their present station. Additional 
evidence might be given, from the strata on other parts of the 
coast, as well as on the authority of various observers, which 
would go far to show that these recent oscillations of the land 
had partaken much more of a general than of a local character. 
The present object, however, is mainly to endeavour to define 
the geological position of the shell-clay of this district, and to 
prove, as far as possible from the evidence borne by the strata 
of the immediate neighbourhood, that the land on this part of 
the coast had subsided many feet after marshy plants had grown 
apparently in abundance on these glacial beds. 
The Mammalian bones already referred to as found in the 
lower bed, associated with the shells, comprise some bones of an 
ox and a horse. The remains of the ox (Bos longifrons) consist 
of the frontal bones aud horn-cores: the latter are a little larger 
than those described by Prof. Owen ; otherwise there is no dif- 
ference between them and the description and measurements of 
this species given in the ‘ Fossil Mammals.’ The bones of the 
horse consist of part of the cranium, the left tibia, the os caleis 
of the right side, and a hoof-phalanx. The skeleton seems to 
have been complete at the time it was discovered ; and it is much 
to be regretted that, owing to its lyimg on one side of the trench, 
the rest of the bones were not dug up, in order to allow a more 
complete comparison between them and the skeleton of the re- 
cent species. At the same time, the tesult of a comparison 
of these fragmentary remains with the bones of the horse of the 
present day may not be unworthy of a little notice. 
This portion of the skull comprises the superior maxillary, 
the intermaxillary, the malar, and part of the lachrymal bones, 
along with a part of the palatine bone of the right side, of the 
left side, the greater part of the intermaxillary, and the palatal 
portion of the superior maxillary. All the teeth of the right upper 
jaw, and the two middle incisors, the canine, and the second 
molar of the left upper jaw are likewise present. This cranium 
had belonged to a horse (judging from the condition of the 
incisor teeth) of not less than six or seven years of age. The 
respective bones do not differ in shape from the corresponding 
bones of the recent horse; neither do the grinding-surfaces of 
the teeth differ, except in the last molar, the enamel and dentine 
folds being very similar in both. The molar teeth differ, how- 
ever, from those of the horse of the present day, in the first 
molar having a less acute anterior angle, and in the smaller 
transverse diameter of the second and third molars compared 
with their antero-posterior diameter. So far these characters 
agree with those of Hquus fossilis; but the last molar differs 
