Miscellaneous. 317 
_which has led to the Rhizanths being regarded as degraded plants 
forming a peculiar group between Cryptogamia and Phanerogamia. 
My investigations are not in favour of this opinion ; they tend rather 
to lead one to assign the Rhizanths a place between the Monoco- 
tyledons and Dicotyledons, most closely approaching the former by 
their peculiar structure, and the latter by their affinity to certain 
orders. It is especially by the structure of the stamen, and also by 
that of the ovule, that the Rhizanths are elevated in the vegetable scale. 
From the totality of the data furnished by the anatomy of the 
genera and species, I obtain the following anatomical diagnosis for 
the order Balanophoreze :—Spiral vessels rare and never capable of 
being unrolled; true cortical fibres wanting; cells of the paren- 
chyma generally with numerous xuclei; sclerous tissues frequent ; 
epidermis (of the parts above ground) with its cells granuliferous and 
never exhibiting sinuous or zigzag outlines; stomata wanting ; rhi- 
zome with scattered vascular bundles; seale-like leaves with several 
vascular bundles which are replaced sometimes by little columns of 
sclerous cells; pericarp divisible into several concentric zones, of 
which at least one (?) is of a sclerous nature ; anthers having the 
second membrane (endotheca of authors) of a fibrous nature (except 
in Balanophora), with one or two layers of filamentous cells arranged 
in a spiral or radiate form (en griffe) ; the connective and the septa 
usually not fibrous, and destitute of placentoids. 
The principal anatomical characters of the genera of Balanophoreee 
are the following :— 
Cynomorium.—Stem with bundles, some external or corticoid, 
small, simply fibrous; the others more internal and larger, fibro- 
vascular, and even furnished with spiral vessels, with fibre-cells inter- 
mixed with the vessels, and with a mass of delicate fibres or elongated 
cells forming the internal half of the bundles ; rachis without spiral 
vessels and with elongated cells not limited to one side of the 
bundles ; anthers with a destructible external membrane, with a 
fibrous membrane formed by a single layer of spiral cells, continued 
over the connective and the septum of the anther-cells ; pollen ellip- 
tical, with three furrows and a finely tuberculate surface. 
Balanophora.—Stem not completely deprived of spiral vessels, and 
showing but little development in the portion of the bundles which 
is formed by narrow and elongated cells; scales entirely destitute of 
vessels ; anthers without a fibrous membrane, and capable of being 
reduced, when mature, to the exotheca alone; parenchyma with 
numerous nuclei (which well distinguishes Balanophora from Pheo- 
cordylis) and mixed with a few cells with the walls reticulated or as 
if cellular. 
Helosis.—Rhizome with a sclerous medullary axis, lobate or stel- 
late at its circumference, with a limited number (6-7) of bundles, 
arranged symmetrically in a circle, having their vessels united into 
a compact mass, upon the outer side of which is supported a ridge 
of delicate fibres covered at its point by a mass with a transverse 
subsemilunar section, composed of sclerous cells apparently occupying 
the place of cortical fibres; stem with seattered bundles, and with 
