466 Miscellaneous. 
and is, therefore, probably a form of the first-named species produced 
by cultivation in the course of thousands of years. Lastly, Hordeum 
distichum is found at Wangen and the ile de St. Pierre, a district in 
which it is still generally cultivated. Rye and oats have not hitherto 
been found in the more ancient habitations (of the stone age) ; but 
the Avena sativa has been met with in the recent locality of the ile 
de St. Pierre, as also frequently beneath Roman ruins. The Secale 
cereale, Linn., the cultivation of which appears much later in history 
than that of the other cereals, and did not become general in these 
regions until towards the middle ages, has recently been found in the 
above-mentioned locality of Olmiitz (age unknown), which is in sup- 
port of the opinion of A. DeCandolle that Eastern Europe is the na- 
tive country of rye. Lastly, millet (Setaria italica) has lately been 
found at Robenhausen : this, according to Ceesar, was the chief cereal 
of the ancient Helvetians, and it is still met with abundantly among 
Roman ruins. 
Along with these ten species of cereals abundant remains of straw 
are found. The millet cakes found at Robenhausen, and the nume- 
rous fragments of round, flattened loaves in which grains of wheat 
are still recognizable, furnish conclusive evidence of the mode of pre- 
paration of food from these cereals. The grain was evidently tritu- 
rated very imperfectly between plates of stone, and the dough was 
baked under hot stones and ashes. 
The leguminous vegetables present much less variety. It is only 
in the more recent habitations (of the bronze age) that three legu- 
minous plants are found ; these are field-beans (Vicia Faba, Linn.), 
the common pea (Pisum sativum, Linn.), a variety with exceedingly 
small seeds, and the lentil (Zrvum Lens, Linn.). This species ap- 
pears at this time to have been diffused over a great part of Europe ; 
for it occurs in lacustrine localities at Parma, as well as in the ile de 
St. Pierre, the Lake of Bienne, &c. 
Of fruits, two sorts of apples are found in abundance, viz., 1. a 
small kind, evidently wild, and 2. a larger sort, undoubtedly culti- 
vated, which occurs sometimes entire, sometimes divided into two or 
three parts. Pears of a very small kind (wild) occur very rarely. At 
Robenhausen cherries are found, with large stones. Plums ( Prunus 
insititia, Liun.), with small and smooth stones, also occur. ‘The fruits 
of Prunus spinosus and P. Padus, the stones of which are frequently 
found, also appear to have been used as food. 
In the lacustrine remains of Switzerland no traces of the vine are 
found ; but at Parma seeds have occurred precisely similar to those 
of the wild vine (Vitis sylvestris). Thus, at the time of the lake- 
dwellings the vine must have been already naturalized in Upper Italy, 
of which it does not appear to have been a native. 
Only a single textile plant is found, namely flax ; and this occurs 
in great quantity. The seeds, capsules, and stems have been found ; 
and flax has also been met with in cords, and a small quantity in the 
form of platted work and of varied tissues, which leads to the con- 
clusion that it was an important object of industry. We know that 
flax also played an important part among the Egyptians. It is very 
remarkable that both the seeds and the capsules of the flax of the 
