Freshwater Crustacea of the Indian Archipelago. 251 



at the side of a road in the neighbourhood of Tjibeurrem, near 

 Tjibodas (Java), at an altitude of 1575 metres, and at a 

 distance from watercourses. The two last-mentioned species 

 have therefore emancipated themselves from marine conditions 

 to the utmost possible extent, while the two species from 

 Flores were, so to speak, only about to become terrestrial 

 forms, though they had, however, already relinquished 

 existence in sea -water or on the beach, and had exchanged 

 it for life in and beside fresh water. 



From these points of view my four species of Orchestia afford 

 a not uninteresting contribution to the instances of terrestrial 

 members of this genus with which we are already acquainted. 

 These are Orchestia sylvicola, Dana, from the extinct crater 

 of Taiawai, New Zealand, and from woods in the same 

 island, together with Orchestia telluris, Bate ; Orchestia 

 tahitensis, Dana, under leaves and similar objects, at an alti- 

 tude of 1500 metres in Tahiti ; and Orchestia cavimana, 

 Heller, at an altitude of 4000 metres upon Olympus (Cyprus), 

 which was rediscovered by Hoek at different localities in 

 Holland, a long way from the sea. Finally, von Martens 

 found Orchestia humicola beneath fallen leaves in the vicinity 

 of a wood near Yokohama, while more recently still de Guerne 

 has described * Orchestia Chevreuxi from Caldeira de Tayal, 

 in the Azores, at an altitude of 1000 metres above the level 

 of the sea; and Chevreux himself f was able to report this 

 same species from Teneriffe, where he found it in a wood 

 about 500 metres above the sea. De Guerne has already 

 drawn attention to the fact that all these typical terrestrial 

 species of Orchestia \, which have entirely emancipated them- 

 selves from the sea, occur upon islands — as yet with the 

 solitary exception of Orchestia cavimana, which Hoek also 

 found in Holland. This remark on the part of de Guerne 

 receives material support from my four species from the 

 Indian Archipelago. 



Once more we derive especial interest from the fact that 

 the Amphipod fauna also of Indian fresh waters is totally 

 different from that of Europe. While Gammarida} are entirely 

 absent, Orchestiidoz are only rarely met with, and these were 

 without doubt originally immigrants from the sea. 



The long list of Decapods furnishes various important 

 results. 



* Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, 1888, p. 59. 



t Loc. cit. p. 92. 



X "We here leave out of the question the fact that genuinely marine 

 species of Orchestia are able in many places to withdraw to a distance 

 from the sea, e. g. Orchestia littorea. 



