Classification of the Lepidoptera. 259 



Fore wing with vein 5 arising much nearer 4 than 6. 



Hind wing with vein 8 curved and nearly or quite touching 7, or 

 connected with i by a bar after its origin from the cell. 

 17. Pyralidce. 18. Thyrididce. 



19. Drepamilidce. 20. Callidulidce. 



1 1 . Lasiocampid(g. 



Hind wing with vein 8 remote from 7 after its origin from the 



cell 10. Arbelida. 12. Endromiidce, 



21. Syntomidce. 22. Arctiidce. 



23. Lymantriidce. 24. Pterothysanidce. 

 25. Ilypsidee. 26. Agaristidce. 



27. Noctuidce. 



Fore wing with vein 5 from the middle of the discocellulars or nearer 

 6 than 4 *, the veins not arising at even distances round the 

 cell 28. Cymatophoridcs. 29. Sphingidce. 



30. Notodontida. 31. Dioptidce. 



32. Geometridce. 33. Epiplemidce. 



34. Uraniidce. 35. Epicopeidce. 



36. Bombycidm. 37. Eupterotidce. 



38. Ceratocampidce. 39. Brahmmdce. 



40. Saturniidee. 41. Rhopalocera. 



After the development of the Frenatge we may picture the 

 ancestor of all this group of families of Lepidoptera to have 

 been a form with a frenulum, the fore wing with vein 1 c 

 present, veins 2 to 11 given off at regular intervals round the 

 cell, the hind wing with eight veins, 1 a, b, c, all present, 

 vein 8 free from the base, but connected with the cell by an 

 oblique bar, the remains of one of the lost subcostals, and the 

 forked stalk of the radial vein still present in the cell of each 

 wing — a form which almost exactly survives in some of our 

 present Zygamida? and Cossidse, and to which families 3 to 9 

 are all closely allied. From this Zygaeno-Cossid form has 

 arisen : — 



I. Through Alavona — the Tineida?, Pterophoridge, and 

 Alucitida?, by the loss of vein 1 c of the fore wing and of the 

 oblique bar connecting vein 8 with the cell of hind wing ; 

 and, as a further development, the Sesiidte, by the loss of 

 vein 8 of the hind wing. 



II. The families in which, besides the loss of vein 1 c of 

 the fore wing, vein 5 has migrated towards the lower angle 

 of the cell, the bases of some of the subcostals of the fore 

 wing usually becoming united. 



(1) The Arbelida?, Endromiidse, and Lasiocampida?, by 

 the loss of the frenulum ; the bar between vein 8 and the cell 



* Except in some genera of Dioptidae. 



