260 On the Classification of the Lepidoptera. 



of hind wing being retained, or vein 8 being united to 7 after 

 its origin. 



(2) The Pyralidas, Thyrididse, Drepanulidse, and Callidu- 

 lidce, by the loss of the bar, vein 8 bending down and becoming 

 connected with 7 after its origin ; the frenulum in the last two 

 families being often lost. 



(3) The Hypsidas and Lymantriidse, retaining the frenulum 

 and the bar between vein 8 and the cell of hind wing. 



(4) The Pterothysanidse, by the loss of the frenulum and 

 the freeing of vein 8 of hind wing. 



(5) The Syntomidse, by the loss of vein 8 of hind wing. 



(6) The Arctiida?, by the coalescence of vein 8 of hind 

 wing with the cell to a greater or less degree. 



(7) The Noctuidas and Agaristidas, by vein 8 being con- 

 nected with the cell at a point near the base only. 



III. The forms where vein 1 c of fore wing is lost, but 

 vein 5 retains its position at the middle of the cell or has 

 migrated towards the upper angle. 



(1) The Dioptidse, in which vein 5 of the fore wing has 

 not become fixed, for whilst it retains its medial position in 

 most forms, in some it has migrated to the lower angle of the 

 cell, vein 8 of the hind wing being free. 



(2) The Geometridas, in which vein 5 often migrates 

 towards the upper angle of cell ; vein 8 of the hind wing 

 retains the bar in the lowest subfamily, Orthostixinae, anasto- 

 moses strongly with the cell in the Larentiinee, becomes quite 

 free except near the base in the Acidaliinae and Geometrinae, 

 and entirely free but closely approximate to the cell in the 

 Boarmiinae, the lowest forms of which, however, Abraxas and 

 its allies, often retain the bar ; in many genera the frenulum 

 becomes aborted. 



(3) The Epiplemidae and Epicopeidae, in which vein 8 

 becomes quite free and widely separated from the cell, the 

 latter having the frenulum rudimentary. 



(4) The Uraniidae, Bombycidse, Ceratocampidae, Saturniidge, 

 and Brahmasidse, in which the frenulum is lost, vein 8 being 

 entirely free except in a few forms of the Bombycidre, where 

 the bar is retained, and in Brahmcea, where it becomes closely 

 connected with 7. 



(5) The Eupterotidaa, in which both the bar and the frenu- 

 lum are retained. 



(6) Whilst branching off in another direction from the 

 ancestor of this group were developed the Notodontidae, Avhich 

 retain the bar in the lower forms from which arose the Sphin- 

 gidaj, retaining the bar and with vein 8 closely connected 



