402 Prof. M'lntosh on the 



Amongst the worms the abundance of the spoon-worm 

 {Echiurus Pallasii) is a striking feature, together with the 

 prevalence of sand-dwelling forms, such as Magelona^ Ophelia^ 

 and Nephthys. The occurrence of the gigantic epitocous 

 form Alitta virens is also noteworthy. In the tow-nets the 

 larval types Tornaria and Milraria occasionally appear, 

 along with Folygordius. 



I'he crabs exhibit no very marked diagnostic characters, 

 but the edible, shore, and masked crabs are common, the two 

 former between tide-marks, tlie latter in the inshore sand, 

 along with Portumnus variegatus and Portunus hoJsatus. The 

 northern stone-crab is not uncommon in the deeper water. 

 Mysis is abundant and Boreophausia and Nycliphanes occa- 

 sionally in great profusion in the inshore water, along with 

 Paratliemisto. 



The Leprali* and Alcyonidians are fairly numerous be- 

 tween tide-marks. In the adjoining sea the most charac- 

 teristic are Bugula purpurea and Flustra Murrayana with the 

 larval Cyphonautes. 



Of shell-fishes the mussel is the most conspicuous, along 

 with Mya arenaria and the cockle on the beach, whilst between 

 tide-marks amongst lhe rocks Trochus cinerarius and Tapes 

 pvUastra are characteristic. Only a single rock-oyster is 

 occasionally met with. In the pelagic fauna mussels are 

 likewise the most prominent in summer. The pteropods 

 Spirialis and Clione also occur, the former often in great 

 numbers, the latter a pigmy in comparison with the arctic 

 examples. 



Ascidians, with the exception of Styela rustica, are not 

 common between tide-marks ; but in tiie adjoining waters 

 Ascidia scahra is abundant on the tangles. In the deeper 

 water Molgula occurs, and, in certain areas, the remarkable 

 Pelonaia. Myriads of the pelagic Appendicularians fill the 

 tow-nets. 



The fishes between tide-marks are those usually observed 

 all along the coasts, viz. shannies, gunnels, long-spined sea- 

 scorpions, gobies, fifteen-spined sticklebacks, and sand-eels, 

 while the flatfishes and thorn-backs are characteristic of the 

 margin of the sandy bay beyond. Soles are occasionally pro- 

 cured. The ordinary round fishes are abundant, but the 

 conger is less common than on the west and south. The 

 characteristic young fishes at the margin of the rocks in 

 summer and autumn are young green cod, cod, ling, lump- 

 suckers, and sand-eels, with pleuronectids, herrings, and 

 gunnels in the adjoining area. 



The marine mammals include the seal — still present in 



