External Characters of Ruminant Artiodactyla. 219 



Lonnberg (K. Vet.-Akad. Handl. xxxv. no. 3 (1901) ; 

 Arkiv. Zool. v. no. 10, p. 21 (1909)) was of opinion that the 

 Gnus are phylogeuctically related to the Bovime, the latter 

 being the descendants of antelopes closely akin to Conno- 

 chcetes and Gorgon. It appears to me, however, to be certain 

 that the Gnus must be regarded as highly specialised forms 

 of Bubalis ; but I cannot admit that the latter are in any 

 way nearly affiliated to any form of Bubalime. The evidence, 

 on the other hand, that the JBovinse are specialised Tragela- 

 phinie is, in my opinion, complete. 



The usually recorded differences between the Gnus and 

 Hartebeests in cranial and cornual characters are well known. 

 Using the muzzle as a basis the two groups may be distin- 

 guished as follows : — 

 a. Muzzle comparatively narrow; rhinarium 



cleaving the upper lip approximately to its 



inferior edge, its depth about half its width, 



its surface roughened aud reticulated ; no 



pouches in the internarial septum within the 



nostril Bubalis, Damaliscus. 



a'. Muzzle comparatively very broad ; rhina- 

 rium not extending - to inferior edge of 



upper lip, its depth less than half its width, 



its surface transversely, striated ; a pair of 



pouches penetrating the internarial septum 



within the nostrils Connochcetes, Gorgon 



j 

 The Bubalinse constitute a compact group of Bovidae 



showing comparatively slight range of variation so far as the 

 external features dealt with in this paper are concerned. The 

 muzzle is expanded, the rhinarium is reduced, the nostrils 

 are valvular and lined within the orifice with longish hair 

 for the exclusion of foreign bodies. The preorbital gland 

 is large and is either provided with a narrow duct-like in- 

 vagination [Damaliscus, Bubalis) or has a flat, slightly convex 

 or slightly concave surface (Connochcetes, G org oil). Inguinal 

 glands are absent, and there is normally, at all events, a 

 single pair of mammas. Pedal glands are well developed 

 only on the fore feet, where they consist of a long deep 

 interdigital pouch with a long orifice, but not so long as in 

 the Antilopinse, on the front of the pastern. In the hind 

 feet this gland is aborted and represented merely by a 

 shallow depression. The penis at most has a short tubular 

 urethral prolongation. 



Subfamily Oryginje. 

 Genus Oryx, Blainville. 

 My account of the cutaneous glands of this genus pub- 

 lished in 1910 was based upon an examination of dried skins 



