NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK HOLLISTER 303 



The Indian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) has been domesticated 

 and introduced into southern Europe, parts of Africa, eastern Asia, 

 and many of the East Indian islands. The examples on exhibition 

 came from the Philippine Islands, where the animal is called the 

 carabao, and is in quite general use. This buffalo sometimes grows 

 to an immense size, and specimens have been reported that were as 

 high at 6!/2 feet at the shoulder. The horns vary in the several wild 

 races and domestic breeds and are sometimes very large, curved in 

 a crescentic form, or directed widely outward, when they may meas- 

 ure nearly 6 feet from tip to tip. In the British Museum is a pair 

 of horns which measure 77% inches in length. Smaller related spe- 

 cies are native to Celebes and Mindoro. 



THE PRIMATES 



The order of mammals known as the Primates includes the lemurs, 

 monkeys, apes, and man. The lemurs are mostly nocturnal animals 

 and are, so far as living forms are concerned, not closely related to 

 the other Primates. In some species the tail is very long; in others 

 it is wanting entirely. In the present age the lemurs are confined to 

 Africa, the oriental region, and to Madagascar and neighboring 

 islands. Many of the species are confined to the latter region. 



The other Primates are usually divided into several families. The 

 principal groups are the marmosets, small species often of brilliant 

 coloration and silky coat, confined to tropical America; the remain- 

 ing American monkeys, of great variety in size and characteristics, 

 and of an uncertain number of families; the Old World monkeys, all 

 rather closely related as compared with the great diversity shown by 

 the American species; the anthropoid apes, including the gorilla, 

 orang-utan, chimpanzee, and gibbon ; and finally man. 



While the majority of the Primates kept in the park are exhibited 

 in the monkey house, several outdoor yards and shelters are pro- 

 vided for such species as endure our winters without heated quar- 

 ters, and the chimpanzee and the orang-utan make their winter 

 homes in a specially prepared corner of the lion house. 



THE GREAT APES 



Of the four anthropoid apes, gorilla, chimpanzee, orang-utan, and 

 gibbon, all but the first named have been represented in the park 

 collection. No animal in the park attracts more attention from 

 visitors than "Soko," the chimpanzee (Pan satyrus). "Soko" 

 reached the park in September, 1915, from the forests of the French 

 Kongo. He was then about 3V2 years old and weighed only 38 

 pounds. During the autumn of 1916, or when about 41/2 years old, 

 he lost his milk teeth, and since the permanent teeth have developed 



