HOVENWEEP NATIONAL MONUMENT FEWKES 473 



fallen bowlders, which rise to a considerable height. The well-made 

 doorways are wide above and narrow below. The approach at pres- 

 ent is difficult on account of the height of the basal rock on which the 

 ruin stands. There are evidences that the former inhabitants used 

 foot holes cut in the base in order to enter this building. 



The third group of ruins, known as the Hackberry group, has 

 several well-preserved prehistoric stone buildings. Hackberry Can- 

 yon is one of the terminal spurs of Bridge Canyon. The main ruin 

 in this cluster is called, from its ground plan, the Horseshoe House 

 (pi. 4, fig. 1). It is particularly instructive from the fact that it has 

 a central circular tower which is for two-thirds of its circumference 

 concentric with the outer wall, to which it is united by radial parti- 

 tions. It is situated on the north edge of the canyon, with its straight 

 wall on the south side. The northeastern corner of Horseshoe House 

 stands several feet higher than the southeast, which corner rests on 

 a projecting rock, reminding one of the cornerstone of Sun Temple. 

 The masonry of most of the southern segment of the inclosed cir- 

 cular inner wall has fallen down the cliff. There apparently was no 

 doorway on this south side, as the line of wall is so near the cliff. 

 The ruin is not large, the south wall being about 30 feet in length 

 and the highest wall about 12 feet. A short distance north of Horse- 

 shoe House there are two large pueblos in a ruined tower rising from 

 an extensive pueblo whose walls have fallen. At the foot of the 

 cliff on which Horseshoe House stands is a cliff house with a single 

 kiva (pi. 4, fig. 2). 



The best preserved building in the Hovenweep National Monu- 

 ment, called Hovenweep Castle (pi. 5, fig. 1), is divided into two 

 sections, western and southern, imparting to the ground plan of 

 the ruin the shape of the letter L. It has towers and kivas arranged 

 about rectangular rooms; and the western end is composed of a 

 massive-walled semicircular tower and well-preserved rooms with 

 high walls. 



The eastern section, like the western, has a tower and circular 

 depressions or kivas. On the north and south ends this section rises 

 into high walls inclosing rectangular rooms, those at the north end 

 being better constructed, and standing as high as the walls of the 

 western tower. The corners of these buildings, as is generally the 

 case, are not well preserved, due to lack of properly tying or bind- 

 ing the courses of masonry. Much debris has accumulated in and 

 around the kivas, filling their cavities; it is evident that these cere- 

 monial rooms were formerly one-storied, and practically are sub- 

 terranean on account of the height of surrounding rooms. Frag- 

 ments of standing walls project out of the accumulated debris, indi- 

 cating rooms at the junction of the eastern and western sections of 



