CAVE DWELLINGS FEWKES. 627 



pression of a village." This applies also to certain prehistoric 

 Arizona house builders. It is not too great a stretch of the imagina- 

 tion to fancy that the former inhabitants of the Old Caves in the 

 black lava hills that surround the San Francisco Mountains near 

 Flagstaff, and those 1 in the neighborhood of the Black Falls, Ari- 

 zona, may also, like the Berbers of the Atlas Mountains in Morocco, 

 have retired in winter for warmth to their " cellarlike vaults beneath 

 their houses." They likewise built close together, partly for warmth, 

 partly for defense. 



But cliff dwellings in the Old and New Worlds are not always 

 limited to arid climates although they are elsewhere used for warmth, 

 or retreats from cold wintry blasts. The Eskimo villages at King 

 Island, in the Aleutians, is a noteworthy example of cliff dwellings 

 overlooking the sea. This settlement, consisting of 40 dwellings, 

 is literally lashed by cords to the side of a precipitous cliff, each 

 habitation consisting of two chambers, an inner, partially excavated, 

 and an outer constructed of poles or driftwood, the two communi- 

 cating by a tunnel several feet in length. In the summer the hardy 

 fishermen who inhabit this village live in the outer rooms which 

 are little more than verandas, but in winter they withdraw to the 

 excavated rooms for protection from the cold sea breezes. 



The student of archaeology of our Pueblo region has reason to 

 congratulate himself on being able to interpret both major and minor 

 antiquities by ethnological data. It is a great help when Pueblo 

 priests, descendants of the ancients, can serve as mentors in archaeo- 

 logical research. The same may also be said of the archaeologist 

 who attempts a study of the past culture of the cavemen of Morocco 

 and Algiers, always considered in the greater perspective of time. 

 Unfortunately the archaeology of the Berber region, prior to accul- 

 turation and influx of foreign tribes, is almost unknown. A knowl- 

 edge of the cave life of northern Africa, reaching as it does so far 

 back in time, ought to aid us in comparison with more modern Ameri- 

 can cliff dwellings. 



It rarely happens that so close a likeness between cave dwellings 

 of the two hemispheres can be pointed out as in those found in 

 Cappadocia and New Mexico. Perhaps the most striking types for 

 comparison are the so-called " cone dwellings." None of the various 

 cavate habitations of the Old World are more suggestive to the 

 student of American cliff houses than those of the volcanic area west 



1 The Navaho call the Hopi, whose ancestors according to lengends probably lived 

 in these ruins, the Ayakhini, people of (the kiva) underground houses. (See the Fran- 

 ciscan Fathers of St. Michael, An Ethnologic Dictionary of the Navaho Language, p. 135. 

 This name is especially applied to Walpi.) When this name was given them, before the 

 present Walpi was built, the ancestors of the predominating clans of the Hopi may have 

 been living in underground houses at Black Falls or elsewhere. 



