634 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1910. 



tenier, in the Vivarais, are interesting in a comparative way. Here, 

 according to Mr. Baring-Gould, is found a volcanic crater " 300 feet 

 in diameter and 480 feet deep ; and man has burrowed into the sides 

 of the porous lava or pumice a series of habitations, a church, etc." 

 Similar excavations of habitations in the sides of a volcanic crater 

 occur at the " OJd Caves " near Flagstaff, Ariz. The view of the 

 Cave Castle, Kronmetz, given by the same author, recalls several of 

 the cliff-dwellings in the Canyon de Chelly and the Navaho National 

 Monument. Many parallelisms to American pueblos in caves or 

 cliff-dwellings may be found in European cliff refuges and cliff 

 castles, although these structures are not as complicated in the New 

 World as in the Old. One is strongly tempted to compare the pre- 

 historic refuge platforms supported by beams found in some caves 

 of France with the scaffold of Scaffold Ruin in the Navaho National 

 Monument. 



Mr. Baring-Gould brings out clearly in this work a most instruc- 

 tive fact in human geography, the relation of the European cave- 

 dwellings to the chalk formation tufas and sandstones extending 

 almost continuously from England to Asia Minor. In this we see 

 relation of artificially excavated cliff-dwellings and geological condi- 

 tions, a correlation that also exists in the distribution of cavate lodges, 

 cave-dwellings, and easily worked geological formations in our South- 

 west.— J. W. F. 



