& 
62 Natural History of Volcanos and Earthquakes. 
thrown up, extends to the newest formations. Therefore we are 
justified, under these circumstances, in expecting to find many 
thermal springs in this district, and especially at those points 
where two different systems of elevation have intersected each 
other at different periods, and admitted the meteoric water to 
penetrate to the interior. The thermal springs in the Pennine 
Alps are found partly in the direction of the principal chain of 
the Alps, partly, and more abundautly, in the points of intersec- 
tion of this system with that of the Western Alps, and in this 
last system. Thus at Naters in the Upper Valais, (86° Fahr. ;) 
at Leuk (115°-124° ;) in the valley of Bagnes at Lavey, south- 
east of Ber (113°;) Saute de Pucelle, between Moutiers and 
St. Maurice, in Chamouni; St. Gervaise on Mont Blanc (949= 
98° ;) Courmayeur and St. Didier, on the southern declivity of 
Mont Blanc (93°;) Aix les Bains in Savoy (112°-117°,) with 
numerous hot springs in the neighborhood; Moutiers in the Ta- 
rentaise, Brida in Tarentaise, and some at Grenoble. 
It certainly deserves particular notice, that at one point of in- 
tersection (Mont Blanc) so many, and at the other (Leuk) the 
warmest springsare met with. Moreover, many thousand springs 
present themselves, some in the glacier streams, some under the 
glaciers themselves, and some may be stopped up. ‘Thus, most 
of the above mentioned thermal springs have been discovered 
only since Saussure’s journeys; a few very lately, such as that 
at Lavey in the bed of Rhone in 1831; and others again have 
become filled up. 
Among those which occur in the continuation of the principal 
Alpine chain, I will mention only the two most celebrated, Pfef- 
ers and Gr'astein. They are distinguished by their very small 
proportion of solid and volatile ingredients. In fact they are 
scarcely any thing more than warm glacier-water.* It seems to 
me that these thermal springs, and probably many others also in 
the Alps, reserable exactly those in Ischia, which Daubeny sup- 
poses to be purely the result of the infiltration of water to spots 
in the interior of the earth retaining a high temperature, with 
this difference only, that these spots lie somewhat deeper in the 
* Of the thermal water of Gastein, 10,000 parts contain only 3.5 solid matter 
the same quantity of water from the Liittschine, which flows immediately out under 
the glacier, contains only one, and that from the Jar at Bern only, 2.2. 
