_ 
76 Natural History of Volcanos and Earthquakes. 
quantity of water, whose annual variations of temperature are 
limited to those observed in the coldest of the Pader springs.* 
The water district (Wassergebiet) of these springs is about 216 
millions of square feet, and the quantity of water which they 
afford in one minute 16,530 cubic feet, according to measure- 
ments, as accurate as the nature of the thing would admit. It 
was calculated, from these numerical data, that a mass of water, 
120 feet in depth, must be present in this district where the 
springs rise, if all the water which sinks here in half a year pro- 
duce an alteration of temperature of 2°.25 F., presupposing that 
a mean differance of 22°.5 exisis between the temperature of the 
water which sinks, and of that which lies in the fissured rock. 
Since, however, the presupposition that a// the springs in Pader- 
born undergo this variation of temperature of 2°.25 in a half 
year, applies only to those whose average temperature does not 
exceed 5U°.6 F.; while the warmer springs, which are by far 
the more numerous, exhibit no variation of temperature during 
the whole year; the size of the subterraneous reservoir must be 
much vaster, if such considerable quantities of water of a uni- 
jorm temperature flow from it, while the water which sinks and 
is added to it, suffers variations of temperature dependent on 
those of the atmosphere. 
Calculations of this kind can, from the nature of the subject, 
ive but approximations to the real size of that of which we 
could otherwise form no estimate at all. The preceding calcula- 
tion shows, at least, that all the clefts and caverns in the chalk 
rock of the Teutoburger Wald must be filled with water from 
the level of the springs, down to some impermeable stratum. 
How otherwise can we explain the fact, that considerable quan- 
tities of water of the varying temperature of the atmosphere 
constantly sink into the rock, and that as considerable quantities 
flow out at the slope of the rock, presenting a uniform tempera- 
Jie 
* It is really a remarkable fact to see so considerable a number of springs rise in 
80 small a compass as the Jower part of the town of Paderborn. Their number 18 
said to amount to 130, several of which constantly appear close together, often al the 
distance of but one or two paces, and immediately form considerable brooks, which 
by their union form the Pader, so large a river, that its diff branches turn no less 
than fourteen undershot water-wheels of the town situated near together. Almost 
equally large masses of water, however, derive their sources from Lippspr’"s 
Kirchborchen, and Upsprung, not to mention the many other springs which lie dis- 
persed at the foot of that chain of hills, 
