XLII OUTLINES OF BOTANY, 
pyramidal, when tapering pci big 3 obpyr —— when tapering down- 
wards; if in bot cases a transverse a triangle or polygon. 
fusiform, or spindle- shaiied when pret ‘e “poth ends; cylindrical, 
when not tapering at either end; n both cases the transverse section 
shows a circle, or sometimes irespective of the webs ae pe. 
terete, when the transverse section is not angular; tri. Onous , trique- 
trous, if the — se section cou a triangle, jevenpeetty in both cases 
of longitudinal for 
paige Ww mie more or less —— ee , he ae re when 
more or less flattened vertically, or at any r : —— 
a a 
ulate or jointed, if at any perioc cod ge aon sae ly when 
fully formed and approaching their decay, o the case of — when 
quite ripe) they et aren without tearing, EN: ‘tno or minke eces placed 
end to end, The joints where they mir. er ‘ein articulations, each 
separate piece an article. The name of ; 8, in common language, 
given both to the articulation and the sities foodie e peceter lly to the 
former. Some modern frciirernes £ on ver, propose oe restrict it to the 
article, giving songs e of joining to th icul 
didym pio ous, when slightly pine with doGhdak’ obtuse lobe 
iliform eaded, when much contracted at regular ditecvels, but 
not soparati ng Oe uketiar aie articles. 
5. In their consistence Leaves or other organs 
eshy, when thick and sot “succulent is generally used in the same 
sense, but implies the prese f mor 
"Ne lasrsthtye when firm sak dire: or sony ck of the consistence of 
eat 
sa ing when thin and not stiff. 
scarious or scariose, when very thin, more or less transparent and not 
green, Herts rather stiff. 
56. The terms applied botanically to the consistence of solids are those 
echeealy used in common language. 
57. The radio in whieh unexpanded leaves are disposed in the leaf-bud 
is rsa their pear or praefoliation; it varies con nsiderably, and techni- 
s have been proposed to express some its varieties, but it has 
een hitherto ‘ely noticed in Descriptive Bota 
§ 6. Seales, Bracts and Stipules. 
58. Scales (Squamae) are leaves very much reduced in size, usually 
sessile, seldom green or capable of performing the respiratory functions 
of leaves. In other words, they are organs resembling leaves in their 
and m r less imbricated, that Be overlapping each other like the 
tiles oe a a hee _It is this arrangement as we ir 
has s ee: 
e name - scales, godin: wed from the scales of a fish. 
, bra eaves, are said arrose, when their 
tips are soauted, "and eee possiionith or recurved. a2 : : 
