XLVI OUTLINES OF BOTANY. 
one in which any one or more of these organs is so altered as to be in- 
capable of properly performing its functions. These imperfect organs are 
said to be abortive if much reduced in size or efficiency, rudimentary if 
i i works, 
Oo much so as to be ti 
incomplete is specially applied to thoda flowers. i n which the perianth is 
simple or wanting, and sais al nn to those in riick either the stamens 
or pistil are imp erfe ct or wanting. 
85, A Flower 
dic pies: we hile when a perianth is double, both calyx and corolla 
cee A and distinc 
cme, orn the perianth is single, whether by the union 
of the a Nea and corolla, or the deficiency of either. 
asepalous, ane there is ly 
naked, when there erianth at 
ot hi aaa or anksial, when both stamens and pistil are present 
and ae 
r stam minate, when ont are one or more stamens, but either 
no pistil wk all or an imperfect one. 
emale or pistillate, when phlee is a pistil, but either no stamens at 
all, bcos Riel mperfect ones. 
neuter, when both stamens and pistil are imperfect or wanting. 
barren or capa when from any cause “ ee duces no see 
fertile, en it does produce seed. In some works the dortns barren, 
Lage and pert are also used respectively as synonyms of male, female, 
ae The antiste of a plant or species are said epeigpbatd to be wunisexual 
or diclinous when the flowers are all either male male, 
monoecious, when the male and female Sivan are saabnc but on the 
same plant. 
dioecious, when the male and female flowers are on distinct plants. 
polygamous, when there are oe female, and hermaphrodite flowers 
on the same or on distinct plan 
87. A head of flowers is Ecce when male, female, ron, 
and neuter flowers, or any two or three of them, are included in one 
ead; homogam 
head; h whe the rg included in one head ar cake 
in this respect. A spike or head of flowers is a ogynous ein mal 
female flowers are mixed in it, These terms are only used in the 
case of very few Natural Orders. 
88. As the scales of buds are leaves undeveloped or reduced in size 
and altered in shape and consistence, and bracts are leaves likewise 
ize, and occasi ly altered in colour; e parts of the 
flower are conside as leaves still further altered in shape, colour, and 
ofte 
ails of this theory constitute the comparatively modern 
oe Metamorphosis, or Homology, sometimes 
y (8 
89. To unders he a sor paar ae the floral parts, let us take 
complete flower, in which moreover all parts ~ pest from each pollen 
definite in in number, i. e. always the a in t species, and 
eo —— isomerous, i. e. when each susak ‘consists of the same 
