LVI OUTLINES OF BOTANY. 
onnate, when so closely united that eer apes he separated with- 
out fuastasind, Each of the two connate parts, and especially that one 
which is considered the smaller or of the ‘aot importance, is said to be 
adnate to the o 
ree, When ne ES coherent nor con 
distinct is aes used in the sam png ‘but is also applied to parts 
distinctly visible or distinctly limited. 
§ 13. The Fruit. 
146. The Fruit (15) rae. = hag ovary and whatever other parts of 
the flower are persistent (i. € t at the time the seed is ripe), usually 
enlarged, and more or less pieeey in shape and consistence. It encloses 
or covers the seed or seeds till ps a riod of maturity, ica it either 
opens for the seed to escape, or o the ata with the seed. When 
stalked, its stalk has nai toe ed” a prion 
147. Fr uits are, in elementary works, said i be simple when the result 
of a single flower, Focal when thie: proceed from several flowers 
closely packed o r combined in a head. But as a fruit resulting from a 
single flower, with several distinct carpels, is compound in the sense in 
which that term is applied to the ovary, the terms single and agg Ai br 
proposed for the fruit resulting from one or several flowers e 
vocab united in the flower may become seins as ods ripen, an 
ocarpous fruit may result from a syncarpous pistil. 
148. The involucre or bracts often Die and form part of aggregate 
fruits, but very seldom so in single 
49. e receptacle becomes Seeaonally enlarged and succulent; if 
when ripe it falls off with the fruit, it is considered as forming part of it. 
150. The adherent part of the calyx of epigynous flowers always persists 
and forms part of the fruit; the free part of the calyx of epigynous flowers 
or the calyx of perigynous flowers, either persists entirely at the top 0 
8 e 
whatever p: x is above the inserti petals, or t 
hole of what is free from the ovary falls off, including the disk bearing 
the petals. € ca. h us flowers usually falls off entirely or 
- : eyno 
persists entirely. In general a calyx is called deciduous if any part falls - 
off. When it os it is either enlarged ronnd or under the fruit, or 
it withers and dri 
151. The acrange usually falls off oor al when it cei it is usually 
withe and dry (marcescent), or seldom enlarges ro the fruit. 
152. The stamens aha fall ot, 2 more or less of thet: filaments 
persists, usually wi and d 
1 The sty Swine falla off or dries up and disappears; some- 
times. a forming a point to the fruit, or becomes enlarged into a 
wing or other pendage to the fruit. 
154. The Porteous is the portion of the fruit formed of the ee and 
whatever adheres to it — of and outside of the r seeds, 
exclusive also of the persistent eceptacle, or of Png eg aes pe of the 
calyx persists round the ovary without t adhering 
