OUTLINES OF BOTANY. LVII 
155. Fruits have often external appendages called singe (alae), beaks, 
crests, awns, etc., according to their eupenneet. They are either formed 
by teeter parts of the flower more or less altered, or lode w out sgh the 
ovary or the gern part of the ee aT cing Bie ome ity ring 
of nate or scales round the top of the fruit, it is called a 
156. Fruits are pissing divided into succulent ‘Gnetuding teh, pulp Y, 
and juic cy fruits) and dry. They are primary aie the 
. let out the seeds, indehiscent when they open ay, bat 
fall off eth the seeds. Succulent fruits are sont indehiscent. 
at Spon Clinipoiin kinds of succulent fruits are 
erry, in which the whole hy barn of the pericarp is fleshy 
tiie peed the exception of the o skin or rind, called the Bpicarp. 
The seeds themselves are usu ally i im anaes in the e pulp; but in some 
erries the seeds are s ra arated from the pulp by the walls of the Tot 
or cells of the a ich form as it were a thin inner skin o rind, 
called the Endocarp. 
the Drupe, in which the pericarp, when ripe, consists of two distinct 
adeno noche ou _ succulent one ‘ti ed the Sarcocarp (covered like the 
epicarp), and an r dry endocarp called the Putamen, 
will is i Suddsaceada (of thé ead of parchment) or hard 
In > latter case it is commonly called a stone, and the 
and ; 
wee a stone-fru 
. The enced kinds of dry fruits are 
ye apsule or Pod*, which is dehiscent. When ripe the pericarp 
usually splits longitudinally into as many or twice as many pieces, called 
it contains cell 
valves, as it c s or placentas. if. these valves separate the 
line of junction of the carpels, that is, along the line of the placentas or 
dissepiments, inet splitting them or leaving ttached the es 
the dehis med septicidal; if the valves se 
rate ween the 
placentas or Pocersipeny the dehiscence is loculicidal, and he valves 
either bear the placentas or dissepiments along their middle lin 
leave them attached to the axis. aye times also the capsule  diachaiges 
its seeds by slits, chinks, or pores, more or less regularly arranged, 
bursts irregularly, or separates into ‘wo parts by a horizontal line; in 
the latter case it is said to be ame 
the Nut or Achene, which i indehiscent and contains but a single 
i ra 
and is so called in popular language. If the pericarp i s thin and rather 
loose, it is often vealed a Utricle. A Samara is a mit with a wing at 
its upper end. 
159. When the carpels of the ovary are distinct (125), they may severally 
become as many distinct berries, drupes, capsules, or achenes. Separate 
carpels are heabaays more or vi DiRT g laterally , with more or less 
3) inent in d outer edges, called sutures, and, if dehiscent, the 
carpel usu sai perience at pee stares A Follicle is a carpel sien. a 
the inner suture only. In cases where the carpels are 
= Bethy | , they will sceacate aha ripe; they are then tae ym ‘if 
one-seeded. 
rt The peculiar fruits of some of the large Orders have received 
special names, which will be explained under each Order. Such are the 
nglish descriptions, pod is more frequently used when it is long and narrow; 
capsule, or sometimes pouch, when it is short and thick or broad. 
