ANALYSIS OF CHINCHONA BARK AND LEAVES. 213 
pose it is well adapted, as being quite equal to much that is brought 
from Peru for this purpose. I do not think that it could be considered 
worth any price for manufacturing purposes. 
o. 8. Bark from plants of C. succirubra of sixteen months’ growth 
yielded me not quite 3 per cent. of alkaloid, which I estimate as fol- 
lows,—Quinine and Chinchonidine, 2°45, Chinchonine, 0:52 ; total, 
2°97 per cent. 
The consideration of this specimen forcibly suggests the desirability 
of giving the bark as long a time as possible to mature, since the addi- 
tional thirteen months of No. 1 specimen have much more than doubled 
the commercial value of the bark, the proportion of Quinine, which 
could be easily obtained crystallized as sulphate, being about one-third 
of No. 1 specimen. 
No. 4 resembles No. 2. Imay remark that I find the alkaloid (or 
alkaloids) in the leaves in a highly exceptional, and, I suppose, tran- 
sitional state, and one rapidly passing under the influence of the oxy- 
gen of the air into that of the Quinoidine of commerce. The young 
shoots appear to contain the alkaloids in a more mature condition 
than the leaves, but still somewhat intermediate between these and the 
larger branches. It is obvious that further research on larger quanti- 
ties of bark and leaves is needed to elucidate the difficult and inter- 
esting problems which arise in connection with the question how the 
alkaloids are built up in the plant itself. 
I have been asked by Mr. Markham to give an opinion “ whether, 
even if the difficulties in the way of carrying on delicate chemical pro- 
cesses might prevent success in obtaining pure commercial Quinine in 
India, yet still a rough substance might not be produced whieh would 
be efficacious as a febrifuge, and which might also be imported into 
Europe for the manufacture of Quinine; instead of sending home many 
times the bulk and weight of bark.” My reply is, that experience has 
hitherto shown, by the failure of the very numerous attempts in this 
direction, that the collectors and importers reap in the end more profit 
from sending in to the European market the raw material than the 
half-manufactured product. This latter would command no price worth 
mentioning as a febrifuge per se. It would simply come into competi- 
tion with the Quinoidine and refuse product of the bark operation. As 
to the reasons why it is not profitable to bring the product into a 
smaller bulk for facility of transport, they depend in part on the com- 
