REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 63 



tion of the natural organ ; the war shield is a turtle-shell or pelican pelt; similarly 

 the arrows and turtle harpoons of the tribe are fitted with a foreshaft usnalh' of hard 

 wood, though there are linguistic and other indications that the use of wood is a 

 vestige of a former use of teeth, probably of the local sea lion while many of the 

 manual operations are evidently imitative of normal movements of local animals, 

 most of which hold place in the Seri pantheon. These features of the Seri technic 

 throw light on the use of zoic motives in the decoration of primitive weapons, and 

 hence permit the solution of son^e of the most puzzling problems of American arche- 

 ology; at the same time they serve to define a stage in industrial development in a 

 manner which appears to be applicable to all primitive peoples. In general, the 

 stage would seem to be antecedent to that defined by the chance-dominated use of 

 stone, which has already been characterized as protolithic; it corresponds with the 

 stage provisionally outlined by Cushmg as j)relithic; but, taking due account of the 

 materials, processes, and motives characteristic of the stage, it may be distinguished 

 as hylozoic, or perhaps better as zoomimic. Accordingly the earlier stages of indus- 

 trial development mav be defined as (1) zoomimic, in which the predominant imple- 

 ments are beast organs, used largely in mimicry of animal movements; (2) protolithic, 

 in which the prevailing implements are stones selected at random and used in ways 

 determined by mechanical chance; and (3) technolithic, in which the prevailing 

 implements are of stone shaped by preconceived designs and used in accordance with 

 the teachings of mechanical experience. This classification of the industries is elabo- 

 rated in an earlier report, the material for which was revised during the year. 



In continuing the preparation of his memoir on the contents of the Florida shell 

 mounds and muck beds, Mr. Gushing brought out many new examples of that 

 ideative association which forms the basis of zoomimic industry. Several of these 

 examples were fotmd in the muck-preserved implements and weapons of wood from 

 Florida; others were foimd in various museums in the form of artifacts of stone, and 

 even of metal, shaped in imitation of animals, or furnished with symbols of animals 

 and animal organs; still others were found in the hieroglyphics and hieratic codices 

 of Mexico and Yucatan. The assemblage of objects seems clearly to indicate that 

 while the zoomimic motive was the primary one and stood nearly alone at and long 

 after its inception, it was not completely displaced by the protolithic or even by the 

 technolithic motives of higher stages, but persisted in connection with these quite 

 up to the time of Caucasian invasion — indeed, it would appear that the zoomimic 

 motive in handicraft was the ('(irrelative and concomitajit of that zootheism out of 

 which none of the tribes had completely risen up to the time of the discovery. 



In the course of his reconnaissance of ^he inhabited and ruined pueblos in New 

 Mexico and Arizona, Mr. F. W. Hodge, with his companions, brought to light a 

 number of Jiotable examples of atone work. Two types are especially instructive. 

 The first of these is represented by the ruins in Cebollita Valley. The stones used 

 in tlie walls were cleft with great regularity and laid, after carefully facing by peck- 

 ing, in such manner as to produce a practically smooth surface, with corners squared 

 almost as neatly as those of a well-laid brick structure. The second type, also repre- 

 sented by ruins in the Celx)llita Valley, is similar, save that the corners were rounded 

 ajiparently on a uniform radius, while the stones were dressed in such manner as to 

 conform to the curve about as closely as does metal-wrought masonry. The jierfec- 

 tion of the stone work of both types suggests Caucasian skill; but the indications of 

 great antiquity, coujiled with the absence of binding mortar, and especially the 

 laying of the stones in such manner as to reveal ignorance of the principle of breaking 

 joints, prove that the work was primitive. 



In his reconnaissance of the ruins of Rio Coloratlo Chiquito, Dr. Fewkes reex- 

 amined critically the ancient structure discovered by Sitgreaves in 1851, which ia of 

 much interest as one of tlie earliest known ruins of the pueblo country. His observa- 

 tions on the subject are of interest, partly in that they afford a basis for estimating 



