GEOGRAPHIC CONQUESTS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 419 



During- nearly tifty years after the death of Muno-o Park, explora- 

 tion in Africa Avas confined to the Great Sahara Desert. Denhani and 

 Clapperton in 1822-1824 pushed southward from Fezzan through the 

 burning sands and discovered Lake Tchad, then to Bornu, and thence 

 to Sokoto on the Niger. Several years later Clapperton ascended the 

 Niger from its mouth to Sokoto, where he died. 



Another crossing of the desert was made by a brilliant voung 

 Frenchman, Caillie. who succeeded in reaching Timlxiktu, the myste- 

 rious African capital, in 1828. Nearly thirty years later Barth'con- 

 nected the routes of Caillie and Denham. and in 1867-1874 Naclitigal 

 proceeded from the Niger to Lake Tchad, then eastward through ^^'adai 

 and Darf ur to Egyptian Su- 

 dan. Binger, Foureau and 

 Lamy, and numerous ex- 

 plorers of later years, have 

 done important work in 

 erasing the l)lanks between 

 the routes of these great pio- 

 neers, while Rohlfs, farther 

 north, explored southern 

 Algeria, Fezzan, and the 

 edge of the Libyan Desert. 



The patient, persevering 

 >vork of Li\'ingstone made 

 ])ossit)lc the opening- up of 

 the southern half of the 

 continent. For thirty-three 

 years he toiled in the fearful 

 heat of the Tropics, pausing 

 only for two ])rief visits 

 to England. Often he was 

 without money and encouragement, dependent upon his scanty means 

 and unfailing courage for the fultilhnent of his broad plans. His 

 genius laid the foundations upon which Stanley and the explorers who 

 followed him have worked. 



Livingstone had come to Africa in 1840 as a medical missionary. 

 For nine years he had been penetrating farther and farther from Cape 

 Colony until in 184!> he was stationed at Bolobeng, 80 'miles north of 

 Maf eking- and 1,100 from Cape Colony. The chief of the people 

 among whom he was laboring told him of a lake to the north l)eyond 

 the Kalahari Desert and of a powerful chief who ruled over many 

 tribes. Livingstone, animated with the sole purpose of extendmg his 

 religion, determined to search for the chief and the lake. 



Fig. 2.— Africa us known in 1900. 



