THK RESTOKATION OF EXTINCT ANIMALS. 485 



Knight and Mr. Gleeson for illustrative purposes for the S. S. McClure 

 Company, two of which are, ])y the courtesy of the publishers, included 

 in this article. As an artist Mr. Knight has devoted himself to the 

 representation of animals, and these have all been prepared with the 

 greatest care and after a careful consideration of the skeletons of the 

 various animals represented and of their form and habits as deduced 

 from the skeleton. Hence the}' may be looked upon as giving as accurate 

 an idea as we can now form of the appearance of these extinct animals. 

 They well illustrate the importance of combining artistic ability with 

 anatomical knowledge and an acquaintance with the external appear- 

 ance of animals, as may be seen I)y comparing the plates of Tylosaurus 

 (ram lizard) and Cferatosaurus (nose-horned lizard), drawn by Mr. Glee- 

 son, with the plate of Cretaceous reptiles drawn under the direction of 

 Professor Cope. The marine reptile on the right of this plate is a 

 Mosasaur, the animal standing on the sand bank in the foreground is 

 Lajlaps, a Dinosaur related to if not identical with Ceratosaurus. 

 Professor Cope, who supervised the drawing of this plate, had anatom- 

 ical knowledge, but the artist who drew the figures neither understood 

 the animals he was endeavoring to represent nor had a good knowledge 

 of living animals. 



Before passing to the restoration of the exterior of animals it may 

 be weir to say something of the manner in which the skeleton of an 

 extinct animal may be restored and the meaning of its various parts 

 interpreted; for the adjustment of the muscles is dependent on the 

 structure of the skeleton, and putting on the muscles means blocking 

 out the form, details of external appearance being supplied by the skin 

 and its accessories of hair, scales, or horns, things which luay or may 

 not have a direct relation to the underlying bones. For example, there 

 is nothing in the skeleton of the Indian rhinoceros to indicate that its 

 skin is put on in great folds, nor, so far as we can see, is there any 

 reason why they should be present in this species and lacking in all his 

 relations with which we are acquainted. Neither is there any internal 

 reason why the trunks of the African and Indian elephants should be 

 so different from one another as they are. 



Let us suppose that we are dealing with one of the great reptiles 

 known as Triceratops (three-horn face),^ whose remains are among the 

 treasures of the National Museum, for the reconstruction of this big beast 

 may well illustrate not only the methods of the paleontologist, but also 

 the troubles bv which he is beset. Moreover this is not a purely imag- 

 inarv case, but one that is very real, for the skeleton of this animal, 

 which was reproduced in papier-mache for the Buffalo Exposition, was 

 restored in exactly the manner indicated. And then, m order to give 

 as vivid an idea o/the animal as possible, a small modd^onhe creature 



iJn allusion to the preserKJe'^f'thrtwo large horns above the eyes and the third 

 smaller horn on the nose. 



