﻿380 
  ANNUAL 
  REPOKT 
  SMITHSONIAN 
  INSTITUTION, 
  1922. 
  

  

  cruder 
  it 
  was 
  made. 
  They 
  occur 
  in 
  all 
  forms, 
  from 
  simple 
  fossil 
  

   logs 
  (pi. 
  1, 
  fig. 
  2) 
  of 
  petrified 
  wood 
  and 
  waterworn 
  stones 
  to 
  elabo- 
  

   rately 
  carved 
  and 
  painted 
  images, 
  human 
  or 
  animal 
  in 
  form, 
  with 
  

   elaborate 
  symbolism. 
  The 
  more 
  realistic 
  images 
  do 
  not 
  date 
  far 
  back 
  

   in 
  time, 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  doubtful 
  if 
  many 
  of 
  them 
  antedate 
  the 
  arrival 
  of 
  

   the 
  Spanish 
  padres. 
  It 
  is 
  not 
  improbable 
  that 
  church 
  santos 
  served 
  

   as 
  models 
  in 
  their 
  manufacture 
  and 
  may 
  have 
  inspired 
  the 
  elabora- 
  

   tion 
  of 
  the 
  more 
  realistic 
  images. 
  The 
  painted 
  stone 
  and 
  wooden 
  

   slabs 
  bearing 
  symbols 
  of 
  rain 
  clouds, 
  the 
  sun, 
  and 
  various 
  animals, 
  

   especially 
  those 
  loving 
  water, 
  often 
  forming 
  a 
  reredos 
  for 
  these 
  idols, 
  

   are 
  here 
  treated 
  as 
  symbols, 
  although 
  there 
  may 
  have 
  been 
  imparted 
  

   to 
  them 
  something 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  power 
  as 
  to 
  idols. 
  Many 
  of 
  these 
  

   bear 
  zigzag 
  figures, 
  symbols 
  of 
  lightning, 
  or, 
  in 
  case 
  of 
  wooden 
  

   sticks, 
  have 
  human 
  heads 
  cut 
  upon 
  one 
  end. 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  difficult 
  to 
  believe 
  that 
  there 
  ever 
  lived 
  any 
  great 
  number 
  of 
  

   American 
  Indians 
  who 
  worshiped 
  a 
  stone 
  or 
  a 
  wooden 
  or 
  clay 
  image, 
  

   or 
  any 
  object 
  which 
  they 
  had 
  themselves 
  manufactured. 
  There 
  

   have 
  been 
  individuals 
  so 
  lacking 
  in 
  intelligence 
  or 
  so 
  sluggish 
  in 
  

   mentality 
  that 
  they 
  may 
  have 
  been 
  hypnotized 
  into 
  the 
  belief 
  that 
  

   an 
  idol 
  representing 
  a 
  supernatural 
  being 
  had 
  the 
  power 
  of 
  the 
  god. 
  

   Some 
  Indians 
  may 
  have 
  confused 
  cause 
  and 
  effect 
  so 
  hopelessly 
  that 
  

   they 
  ascribed 
  to 
  a 
  waterworn 
  stone 
  the 
  power 
  to 
  bring 
  water 
  or 
  

   believed 
  that 
  a 
  water-frequenting 
  plant 
  or 
  animal 
  caused 
  rain 
  to 
  

   fall, 
  but 
  Ave 
  have 
  yet 
  to 
  learn 
  that 
  psychologically 
  even 
  these 
  people 
  

   have 
  gone 
  any 
  farther 
  than 
  to 
  ascribe 
  power 
  to 
  such 
  objects. 
  It 
  is 
  

   quite 
  a 
  different 
  thing 
  to 
  worship 
  the 
  power 
  expressed 
  by 
  certain 
  

   symbols 
  and 
  the 
  symbol 
  itself. 
  Having 
  exchanged 
  ideas 
  with 
  those 
  

   who 
  personate 
  supernatural 
  beings 
  in 
  their 
  ceremonies, 
  the 
  author 
  

   has 
  come 
  to 
  the 
  conclusion 
  that 
  primitive 
  men 
  do 
  not 
  worship 
  idols, 
  

   but 
  use 
  them 
  as 
  symbols 
  to 
  express 
  by 
  tangible 
  objects 
  well-grounded 
  

   beliefs 
  current 
  in 
  their 
  philosophy. 
  

  

  A 
  fundamental 
  belief 
  among 
  the 
  Hopi 
  is 
  that 
  men, 
  animals, 
  

   material 
  objects, 
  sky, 
  earth, 
  fire, 
  water, 
  everything, 
  organic 
  or 
  inor- 
  

   ganic, 
  possesses 
  magical 
  powers 
  which 
  are 
  the 
  objective 
  elements 
  of 
  

   primitive 
  religion. 
  It 
  is 
  believed 
  by 
  most 
  savages 
  that 
  there 
  exists 
  a 
  

   power 
  beyond 
  that 
  of 
  man 
  which 
  controls 
  the 
  universe 
  and 
  that 
  this 
  

   power 
  of 
  nature 
  wherever 
  found 
  can 
  be 
  associated 
  with 
  that 
  of 
  man 
  

   and 
  used 
  by 
  him 
  for 
  material 
  or 
  spiritual 
  advantage. 
  Idols 
  like- 
  

   wise 
  share 
  this 
  power 
  with 
  other 
  objects; 
  by 
  some 
  persons 
  super- 
  

   natural 
  beings 
  are 
  believed 
  to 
  reside 
  in 
  these 
  images, 
  but 
  few 
  intel- 
  

   ligent 
  men 
  believe 
  that 
  the 
  idol 
  is 
  the 
  supernatural 
  it 
  represents. 
  

  

  Worship 
  is 
  not 
  considered 
  the 
  best 
  term 
  to 
  use 
  in 
  speaking 
  of 
  the 
  

   relation 
  of 
  the 
  powers 
  of 
  supernatural 
  beings 
  and 
  man, 
  but 
  it 
  is 
  the 
  

   effort 
  of 
  man 
  to 
  be 
  in 
  harmony 
  with 
  the 
  power 
  behind 
  nature, 
  and 
  

   the 
  idea 
  seems 
  to 
  be 
  that 
  man 
  by 
  a 
  union 
  of 
  his 
  own 
  power 
  with 
  that 
  

  

  