﻿418 
  ANNUAL, 
  REPORT 
  SMITHSONIAN 
  INSTITUTION, 
  1922. 
  

  

  retaining 
  the 
  natural 
  crust. 
  The 
  edges 
  are 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  wavy, 
  owing 
  

   to 
  alternate 
  chipping 
  on 
  opposite 
  faces. 
  It 
  varies 
  from 
  2 
  to 
  10 
  inches 
  

   in 
  length, 
  and 
  was 
  fitted 
  for 
  grasping 
  in 
  the 
  hand 
  without 
  a 
  haft. 
  

   It 
  might 
  have 
  been 
  used 
  for 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  purposes, 
  as 
  cutting, 
  dig- 
  

   ging, 
  scraping, 
  etc., 
  and 
  also 
  as 
  a 
  weapon. 
  

  

  The 
  animals 
  represented 
  by 
  the 
  fossil 
  remains 
  imbedded 
  in 
  the 
  

   Chellean 
  river-drift 
  deposits 
  were 
  the 
  straight-tusked 
  elephant 
  

   (Elephas 
  antiquvs), 
  the 
  large 
  hippopotamus, 
  the 
  woolly 
  rhinoceros 
  

   (Rhinoceros 
  tichorhinus, 
  or 
  merkii), 
  the 
  Trogontherium, 
  the 
  cave 
  

   bear, 
  and 
  the 
  cave 
  hyena, 
  pointing 
  to 
  a 
  warm, 
  moist 
  climate, 
  per- 
  

   haps 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  milder 
  intervals 
  of 
  the 
  Ice 
  Age. 
  

  

  2. 
  Acheulean 
  stage. 
  — 
  The 
  hand 
  ax, 
  or 
  boucher, 
  characteristic 
  of 
  

   the 
  Chellean 
  Age 
  is 
  also 
  associated 
  with 
  this 
  stage, 
  but 
  is 
  distin- 
  

   guished 
  by 
  better 
  workmanship 
  and 
  a 
  more 
  elegant 
  form. 
  It 
  is 
  

   flatter 
  and 
  thinner. 
  The 
  flaking 
  is 
  finer, 
  and 
  the 
  edges 
  are 
  worked 
  

   by 
  secondary 
  chipping 
  into 
  an 
  even, 
  regular 
  line, 
  rendering 
  the 
  

   implement 
  more 
  trenchant 
  and 
  efficient. 
  The 
  natural 
  crust 
  of 
  the 
  

   stone, 
  if 
  not 
  altogether 
  removed, 
  is 
  only 
  visible 
  in 
  small 
  patches. 
  

   In 
  the 
  upper 
  Acheulean 
  stage 
  the 
  hand 
  ax 
  assumes 
  a 
  fine 
  lanceolate 
  

   form, 
  and 
  is 
  accompanied 
  by 
  a 
  great 
  variety 
  of 
  smaller 
  implements. 
  

  

  In 
  addition 
  to 
  the 
  animals 
  of 
  the 
  preceding 
  Chellean 
  stage, 
  the 
  

   mammoth 
  (Elephas 
  primigenius) 
  was 
  an 
  inhabitant 
  of 
  western 
  

   Europe 
  during 
  this 
  period. 
  

  

  3. 
  The 
  Mousterian 
  stage. 
  — 
  The 
  most 
  characteristic 
  implement 
  of 
  

   this 
  stage 
  is 
  a 
  flake 
  struck 
  off 
  from 
  a 
  nodule, 
  chipped 
  on 
  one 
  side 
  

   giving 
  a 
  curved 
  cutting 
  edge, 
  opposite 
  which 
  is 
  usually 
  left 
  a 
  por- 
  

   tion 
  of 
  the 
  original 
  crust 
  of 
  the 
  stone 
  to 
  serve 
  as 
  a 
  grip. 
  The 
  

   nodule 
  held 
  in 
  the 
  hand 
  was 
  carefully 
  chipped 
  on 
  one 
  surface, 
  

   giving 
  the 
  desired 
  form, 
  and 
  then 
  with 
  a 
  well-directed 
  blow 
  the 
  

   entire 
  worked 
  surface 
  was 
  severed 
  from 
  the 
  rest 
  of 
  the 
  nodule. 
  The 
  

   tool 
  thus 
  produced 
  presented 
  a 
  sharper 
  cutting 
  edge, 
  and 
  required 
  

   less 
  labor 
  in 
  its 
  manufacture 
  than 
  the 
  hand 
  ax. 
  Along 
  with 
  it 
  

   were 
  scrapers, 
  lance 
  heads, 
  etc. 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  believed 
  that 
  about 
  this 
  time 
  the 
  climate 
  became 
  colder 
  and 
  

   man 
  first 
  made 
  his 
  home 
  in 
  caves. 
  Animals 
  adapted 
  to 
  a 
  cold 
  

   climate, 
  as 
  the 
  mammoth, 
  rhinoceros, 
  reindeer, 
  arctic 
  fox, 
  etc., 
  be- 
  

   came 
  abundant, 
  while 
  the 
  hippopotamus 
  and 
  other 
  creatures 
  usually 
  

   associated 
  with 
  warm 
  climates, 
  gradually 
  disappeared 
  from 
  Europe. 
  

  

  The 
  formations 
  of 
  this 
  stage 
  furnish 
  earliest 
  known 
  osseous 
  re- 
  

   mains 
  of 
  man 
  (found 
  in 
  Neanderthal 
  and 
  Heidelberg, 
  Germany; 
  

   Krapina, 
  Croatia; 
  Spy, 
  Belgium; 
  Le 
  Moustier 
  and 
  La 
  Chappelle- 
  

   aux-Saints, 
  France; 
  and 
  Ipswich, 
  England). 
  

  

  4. 
  Aurignacian 
  stage. 
  — 
  The 
  stone 
  industry 
  of 
  this 
  stage 
  is 
  char- 
  

   acterized 
  by 
  slender, 
  pointed 
  flakes, 
  carefully 
  retouched 
  all 
  along 
  

  

  