﻿OLD 
  WORLD 
  ARCHEOLOGY 
  — 
  CASANOWICZ. 
  419 
  

  

  the 
  cutting 
  edge 
  and 
  marked 
  by 
  regularity 
  and 
  fineness 
  of 
  the 
  

   secondary 
  flaking. 
  

  

  More 
  important 
  is 
  the 
  introduction 
  of 
  a 
  new 
  material, 
  namely, 
  

   bone, 
  which 
  while 
  tougher 
  and 
  less 
  brittle 
  than 
  flint 
  is 
  capable 
  of 
  

   taking 
  a 
  fine 
  point. 
  Bone 
  points 
  with 
  cleft 
  base, 
  perhaps 
  the 
  

   predecessors 
  of 
  the 
  needle, 
  are 
  characteristic 
  of 
  this 
  stage. 
  Other 
  

   typical 
  tools 
  are 
  awls 
  carved 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  metacarpal 
  of 
  the 
  horse 
  

   or 
  reindeer 
  with 
  the 
  knuckle 
  end 
  left 
  to 
  form 
  a 
  handle; 
  they 
  are 
  

   chiseled 
  with 
  transverse 
  incised 
  lines. 
  

  

  This 
  stage 
  also 
  marks 
  the 
  birth 
  of 
  the 
  fine 
  arts 
  : 
  Sculpture, 
  paint- 
  

   ing, 
  and 
  drawing 
  made 
  their 
  appearance. 
  

  

  The 
  presence 
  of 
  the 
  reindeer 
  in 
  this 
  and 
  the 
  succeeding 
  stages 
  

   gave 
  them 
  together 
  the 
  designation 
  of 
  the 
  reindeer 
  epoch. 
  

  

  5. 
  Solutrean 
  stage. 
  — 
  During 
  this 
  stage 
  flint 
  working 
  attained 
  a 
  

   high 
  degree 
  of 
  excellence, 
  to 
  be 
  surpassed, 
  however, 
  in 
  the 
  Neolithic 
  

   period. 
  The 
  most 
  characteristic 
  forms 
  are 
  leaf-shaped 
  blades, 
  

   which 
  may 
  have 
  been 
  used, 
  according 
  to 
  size, 
  as 
  arrowheads, 
  lance 
  

   heads, 
  or 
  even 
  as 
  knives, 
  and 
  shouldered 
  points 
  having 
  one 
  side 
  of 
  

   the 
  hilt 
  cut 
  away, 
  leaving 
  a 
  tanglike 
  projection. 
  It 
  is 
  probable 
  that 
  

   the 
  chipping 
  of 
  flints 
  which 
  hitherto 
  had 
  been 
  effected 
  by 
  percussion 
  

   with 
  a 
  stone 
  hammer, 
  was 
  now 
  also 
  performed 
  by 
  pressure 
  by 
  means 
  

   of 
  bone 
  fabricators, 
  which 
  permitted 
  of 
  more 
  refined 
  finish. 
  Bone 
  

   and 
  ivory 
  continued 
  in 
  use, 
  and 
  the 
  earliest 
  bone 
  needles 
  are 
  met 
  

   with 
  in 
  the 
  upper 
  horizons 
  of 
  this 
  stage. 
  

  

  The 
  horse 
  was 
  abundant, 
  but 
  the 
  reindeer, 
  the 
  mammoth, 
  the 
  

   urus 
  {Bos 
  primigenius) 
  , 
  etc., 
  also 
  were 
  represented. 
  Along 
  with 
  

   the 
  remains 
  of 
  implements 
  and 
  animal 
  bones 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  hearths 
  

   have 
  been 
  found. 
  

  

  6. 
  Magdalenian 
  stage. 
  — 
  In 
  this 
  stage 
  prominence 
  was 
  given 
  to 
  the 
  

   manufacture 
  of 
  all 
  sorts 
  of 
  objects 
  of 
  bone, 
  ivory, 
  and 
  horn, 
  with 
  a 
  

   corresponding 
  decline 
  in 
  the 
  flint 
  industry. 
  The 
  flint 
  implements 
  

   are 
  less 
  elaborate 
  and 
  often 
  lacking 
  in 
  finish 
  ; 
  they 
  consist 
  to 
  a 
  great 
  

   extent 
  of 
  long, 
  thin 
  flakes 
  and 
  splinters 
  which 
  have 
  been 
  converted 
  

   by 
  a 
  minimum 
  of 
  dressing 
  into 
  scrapers, 
  knives, 
  gravers, 
  drills, 
  and 
  

   other 
  simple 
  tools. 
  The 
  occurrence 
  of 
  bone 
  harpoons 
  may 
  indicate 
  

   that 
  the 
  people 
  of 
  this 
  time 
  were 
  fishermen 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  hunters. 
  Aside 
  

   from 
  sculpture 
  and 
  line 
  engraving 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  paintings 
  on 
  the 
  walls 
  

   of 
  caves 
  are 
  credited 
  to 
  this 
  period. 
  

  

  The 
  fauna 
  is 
  represented 
  by 
  animals 
  of 
  a 
  cold 
  climate: 
  The 
  rein- 
  

   deer, 
  stag 
  (Cervus 
  elaphus), 
  Irish 
  deer 
  {Cervus 
  megaoeros), 
  bison, 
  

   artic 
  hare, 
  etc. 
  The 
  mammoth 
  had 
  disappeared. 
  

  

  These 
  stages 
  may 
  be 
  separated 
  into 
  two 
  groups. 
  The 
  older, 
  

   represented 
  by 
  the 
  two 
  first 
  stages, 
  is 
  practically 
  confined 
  to 
  the 
  

   diluvial, 
  or 
  river-drift 
  deposits 
  ; 
  the 
  typical 
  implement 
  is 
  the 
  crudely 
  

   chipped 
  almond-shaped 
  hand 
  ax. 
  The 
  younger 
  group, 
  comprising 
  

  

  