﻿OLD 
  WORLD 
  ARCHEOLOGY 
  — 
  CASANOWICZ. 
  421 
  

  

  workmanship, 
  and 
  by 
  providing 
  them 
  with 
  hafts 
  or 
  handles 
  they 
  

   were 
  made 
  more 
  efficient, 
  while 
  the 
  adoption 
  of 
  polishing 
  or 
  grind- 
  

   ing 
  made 
  it 
  possible 
  to 
  employ 
  other 
  hard 
  stones, 
  such 
  as 
  diorite, 
  

   serpentine, 
  and 
  basalt, 
  not 
  so 
  tractable 
  for 
  chipping 
  as 
  flint. 
  

   Polished 
  stones, 
  however, 
  are 
  not 
  the 
  main 
  characteristic 
  of 
  the 
  

   Neolithic 
  period. 
  For 
  not 
  only 
  were 
  a 
  large 
  class 
  of 
  the 
  more 
  deli- 
  

   cate 
  implements 
  and 
  weapons, 
  such 
  as 
  knives, 
  scrapers, 
  spearheads, 
  

   and 
  arrowheads 
  rarely 
  ground 
  or 
  polished, 
  but 
  even 
  axes 
  of 
  excep- 
  

   tionally 
  fine 
  workmanship 
  were 
  sometimes 
  shaped 
  by 
  chipping 
  alone. 
  

   More 
  important 
  were 
  the 
  great 
  strides 
  which 
  Neolithic 
  man 
  made 
  in 
  

   the 
  direction 
  of 
  what 
  is 
  summed 
  up 
  under 
  the 
  name 
  of 
  civilization. 
  

   He 
  no 
  longer 
  lived, 
  like 
  his 
  predecessor 
  of 
  Paleolithic 
  time, 
  exclu- 
  

   sively 
  by 
  the 
  chase, 
  but 
  tilled 
  the 
  ground, 
  cultivating 
  cereals 
  for 
  

   food 
  and 
  textile 
  plants 
  for 
  raiment. 
  He 
  tamed 
  animals 
  and 
  trained 
  

   them 
  to 
  domestic 
  use, 
  developed 
  the 
  art 
  of 
  making 
  pottery, 
  and 
  for 
  

   shelter 
  he 
  often 
  constructed 
  wooden 
  dwellings, 
  raised 
  on 
  piles, 
  in 
  

   lakes 
  and 
  rivers. 
  From 
  the 
  elaborate 
  chambered 
  graves 
  (Barrows) 
  

   erected 
  over 
  the 
  bodies 
  of 
  chiefs, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  from 
  other 
  megalithic 
  

   monuments 
  (Menhirs, 
  Cromlechs, 
  Dolmens) 
  which 
  still 
  exist, 
  we 
  

   may, 
  perhaps, 
  safely 
  infer 
  the 
  birth 
  of 
  religious 
  sentiments 
  and 
  

   beliefs 
  during, 
  if 
  not 
  before, 
  that 
  time. 
  

  

  According 
  to 
  the 
  degree 
  of 
  civilization 
  attained, 
  as 
  illustrated 
  by 
  

   the 
  remains 
  discovered, 
  there 
  are 
  distinguished 
  three 
  divisions 
  in 
  

   the 
  Neolithic 
  period 
  : 
  

  

  1. 
  Early 
  Neolithic, 
  called 
  the 
  Campigny 
  period, 
  from 
  one 
  of 
  its 
  

   typical 
  stations 
  ( 
  Seine-Inf 
  erieure, 
  France), 
  characterized 
  by 
  rough, 
  

   indeterminate 
  flint 
  implements, 
  the 
  tranchet 
  hatchet 
  of 
  the 
  Danish 
  

   kitchen-middens, 
  axes 
  sometimes 
  slightly 
  polished. 
  Dog 
  domesti- 
  

   cated. 
  The 
  habitations 
  consisted 
  of 
  caverns 
  and 
  rock-shelters, 
  and 
  

   hearths 
  hollowed 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  earth. 
  No 
  burials 
  yet 
  found 
  have 
  asso- 
  

   ciated 
  relics 
  of 
  art. 
  

  

  2. 
  Mid 
  Neolithic 
  (Chassey, 
  Saone-et-Loire, 
  France, 
  and 
  Roben- 
  

   hausen, 
  Switzerland). 
  — 
  Increased 
  number 
  of 
  implements 
  — 
  daggers, 
  

   saws, 
  gouges, 
  maces; 
  deer-horn 
  hafting 
  of 
  celts; 
  polished 
  stones; 
  

   bows 
  and 
  arrows 
  and 
  lances. 
  Building 
  and 
  navigation; 
  nets, 
  fish- 
  

   hooks. 
  Baskets; 
  spinning 
  and 
  weaving; 
  cultivation 
  of 
  trees 
  and 
  

   crops. 
  Domestication 
  of 
  animals. 
  Manufacture 
  of 
  pottery 
  with 
  

   handles 
  and 
  ornaments. 
  Alongside 
  of 
  caves 
  and 
  grottoes, 
  pit 
  and 
  

   lake 
  dwellings. 
  Inhumation 
  in 
  caverns 
  and 
  grottoes, 
  or 
  in 
  the 
  

   earth, 
  with 
  objects 
  deposited 
  in 
  the 
  graves. 
  

  

  3. 
  Late 
  Neolithic 
  (Carnac, 
  Morbihan, 
  France). 
  — 
  Artistic 
  forms 
  

   of 
  celts 
  ; 
  polished 
  and 
  perforated 
  ax 
  and 
  hammer 
  heads 
  ; 
  jet, 
  quartz, 
  

   and 
  steatite 
  ornaments; 
  engraving 
  and 
  sculpture; 
  superior 
  pottery 
  

  

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