﻿OLD 
  WORLD 
  ARCHEOLOGY 
  — 
  CASANOWICZ. 
  423 
  

  

  The 
  remains 
  discovered 
  on 
  the 
  sites 
  of 
  the 
  Swiss 
  lake 
  dwellings, 
  

   of 
  which 
  the 
  settlement 
  of 
  Kobenhausen 
  on 
  the 
  moor 
  which 
  was 
  

   formerly 
  the 
  bed 
  of 
  Lake 
  Pfaffikon 
  is 
  considered 
  the 
  typical 
  example, 
  

   discloses 
  an 
  advanced 
  condition 
  of 
  culture. 
  The 
  most 
  important 
  im- 
  

   plement 
  or 
  weapon 
  was 
  the 
  polished 
  celt 
  axe, 
  which 
  was 
  usually 
  of 
  

   small 
  size 
  and 
  made 
  of 
  hard 
  stone, 
  like 
  diorite, 
  serpentine, 
  syenite, 
  

   etc. 
  It 
  was 
  often 
  fixed 
  in 
  sockets 
  of 
  deerhorn 
  or 
  staghorn 
  and 
  set 
  

   into 
  a 
  wooden 
  handle, 
  the 
  elasticity 
  of 
  the 
  horn 
  socket 
  rendering 
  

   the 
  handle 
  less 
  liable 
  to 
  split. 
  Other 
  weapons 
  and 
  implements 
  were 
  

   flint 
  arrowheads 
  and 
  spearheads, 
  saws 
  and 
  knives 
  mounted 
  in 
  wooden 
  

   handles 
  with 
  asphalt, 
  stone 
  hammers, 
  and 
  grain 
  crushers. 
  Along 
  

   with 
  a 
  great 
  variety 
  of 
  bone 
  tools, 
  wood 
  was 
  extensively 
  employed 
  

   for 
  shafts, 
  maces, 
  bows, 
  floats 
  for 
  nets, 
  plates, 
  ladles 
  and 
  spoons, 
  

   tubs, 
  canoes, 
  etc. 
  The 
  art 
  of 
  the 
  potter 
  had 
  considerably 
  progressed, 
  

   although 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  the 
  wheel 
  was 
  still 
  unknown. 
  The 
  vessels 
  were 
  

   often 
  of 
  large 
  size, 
  and 
  sometimes 
  roughly 
  decorated 
  with 
  knobs 
  

   and 
  finger 
  or 
  cord 
  impressions. 
  The 
  lake 
  dwellers 
  were 
  no 
  longer 
  

   wholly 
  dependent 
  upon 
  hunting 
  for 
  their 
  livelihood. 
  They 
  culti- 
  

   vated 
  wheat, 
  barley, 
  and 
  millet, 
  from 
  which 
  they 
  made 
  a 
  rough 
  kind 
  

   of 
  bread 
  ; 
  they 
  preserved 
  apples 
  and 
  pears, 
  and 
  were 
  also 
  acquainted 
  

   with 
  raspberry 
  and 
  blackberry. 
  The 
  pieces 
  of 
  woven 
  stuffs 
  which 
  

   have 
  been 
  preserved 
  show 
  that 
  besides 
  garments 
  of 
  skins, 
  flax 
  was 
  

   grown 
  and 
  clothing 
  woven 
  from 
  it. 
  About 
  170 
  plants 
  and 
  70 
  species 
  

   of 
  animals 
  have 
  been 
  discovered 
  and 
  determined. 
  Of 
  the 
  latter, 
  

   10 
  are 
  fish, 
  4 
  reptiles, 
  26 
  birds, 
  and 
  30 
  mammals. 
  The 
  animals 
  which 
  

   were 
  domesticated 
  were 
  the 
  ox, 
  horse, 
  dog, 
  swine, 
  sheep, 
  and 
  goat. 
  

   Of 
  the 
  wild 
  animals 
  then 
  inhabiting 
  the 
  district, 
  the 
  urus, 
  bison, 
  

   elk, 
  and 
  stag 
  were 
  among 
  the 
  most 
  common. 
  

  

  The 
  Terremare 
  Settlements. 
  

  

  Remains 
  of 
  ancient 
  settlements 
  have 
  been 
  uncovered 
  in 
  mounds 
  

   scattered 
  over 
  the 
  plains 
  of 
  northern 
  Italy 
  which 
  are 
  traversed 
  by 
  

   the 
  Po 
  River 
  and 
  its 
  tributaries, 
  comprising 
  the 
  Provinces 
  of 
  Parma, 
  

   Reggio, 
  and 
  Modena. 
  Similar 
  remains 
  are 
  also 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  valley 
  

   of 
  the 
  Theiss, 
  in 
  Hungary. 
  The 
  name 
  Terremare 
  is 
  derived 
  from 
  

   the 
  marly 
  soil 
  of 
  which 
  the 
  mounds 
  are 
  composed, 
  known 
  among 
  

   the 
  peasants 
  of 
  Italy 
  as 
  mama, 
  or 
  merne, 
  by 
  archeologists 
  generally 
  

   called 
  terra 
  mar 
  a, 
  or 
  terre 
  mare. 
  

  

  The 
  remains 
  brought 
  to 
  light 
  in 
  these 
  mounds 
  represent 
  pile- 
  

   dwelling 
  villages 
  erected 
  on 
  land. 
  The 
  typical 
  settlement 
  was 
  

   trapezoidal 
  in 
  plan, 
  with 
  its 
  parallel 
  sides 
  running 
  north 
  and 
  south, 
  

   and 
  two 
  roads 
  at 
  right 
  angles 
  dividing 
  it 
  into 
  four 
  quarters. 
  It 
  was 
  

   protected 
  by 
  a 
  rampart 
  and 
  a 
  wide 
  moat 
  and 
  strengthened 
  on 
  the 
  

   inside 
  by 
  buttresses. 
  Outside 
  were 
  one 
  or 
  two 
  cemeteries. 
  The 
  

  

  