﻿OLD 
  WORLD 
  ARCHEOLOGY 
  — 
  OASANOWIUZ. 
  425 
  

  

  Ireland 
  furnished 
  a 
  considerable 
  number 
  of 
  rude, 
  nondescript 
  

   quartzite 
  implements, 
  pounders 
  or 
  crushing 
  stones, 
  mauls, 
  sling 
  

   stones, 
  hoes, 
  and 
  rudely 
  worked 
  flakes, 
  but 
  also 
  polished 
  celts 
  and 
  

   chisels, 
  whetstones, 
  drilled 
  hammerstones, 
  perforated 
  stone 
  rings, 
  

   and 
  a 
  variety 
  of 
  arrowheads; 
  1 
  also 
  a 
  few 
  fragments 
  of 
  pottery 
  and 
  

   bones 
  and 
  teeth 
  of 
  deer 
  and 
  ox. 
  The 
  material 
  is 
  derived 
  from 
  the 
  

   caves 
  of 
  Ballymenoch 
  and 
  Craigavad 
  and 
  the 
  counties 
  of 
  Antrim 
  

   and 
  Limerick. 
  

  

  From 
  Scotland 
  there 
  are 
  only 
  an 
  anvil 
  of 
  sandstone 
  and 
  a 
  few 
  

   flint 
  flakes 
  and 
  cores, 
  while 
  Wales 
  is 
  represented 
  by 
  only 
  a 
  cast 
  of 
  a 
  

   drilled 
  hammer, 
  carved 
  with 
  a 
  netting 
  design. 
  

  

  As 
  a 
  continuation 
  of 
  the 
  Stone 
  Age 
  works 
  into 
  modern 
  times 
  in 
  

   England 
  may 
  be 
  considered 
  : 
  

  

  THE 
  BRANDON 
  FLINT 
  INDUSTRY. 
  

  

  Near 
  Brandon, 
  a 
  village 
  in 
  Suffolk, 
  England, 
  there 
  are 
  prehistoric 
  

   flint 
  quarries 
  which 
  are 
  being 
  worked 
  at 
  present 
  for 
  the 
  production 
  

   of 
  gunflint 
  and 
  strike-a-lights. 
  The 
  flint 
  for 
  this 
  industry 
  is 
  ob- 
  

   tained 
  from 
  Lingheath 
  Common, 
  about 
  a 
  mile 
  southeast 
  of 
  the 
  vil- 
  

   lage; 
  but 
  the 
  original 
  quarry, 
  believed 
  to 
  date 
  from 
  Neolithic 
  

   times, 
  was 
  some 
  years 
  ago 
  discovered 
  in 
  " 
  Grimes 
  Graves," 
  a 
  collec- 
  

   tion 
  of 
  pits 
  3 
  miles 
  north 
  of 
  Brandon, 
  where, 
  at 
  a 
  depth 
  of 
  39 
  feet, 
  

   the 
  " 
  stone 
  floor 
  " 
  was 
  reached 
  from 
  which 
  gunflints 
  are 
  manufac- 
  

   tured 
  at 
  the 
  present 
  day. 
  

  

  The 
  flints 
  best 
  adapted 
  for 
  the 
  purpose 
  of 
  manufacture 
  are 
  those 
  

   from 
  the 
  chalk 
  formations. 
  They 
  are 
  usually 
  procured 
  by 
  sinking 
  

   small 
  shafts 
  into 
  the 
  ground 
  until 
  a 
  band 
  of 
  flint 
  of 
  the 
  right 
  quality 
  

   is 
  reached, 
  along 
  which 
  low, 
  horizontal 
  galleries 
  or 
  " 
  burrows 
  " 
  are 
  

   worked. 
  The 
  tools 
  used 
  in 
  quarrying 
  are 
  a 
  one-sided, 
  steel-tipped 
  

   iron 
  pick 
  and 
  a 
  short 
  crowbar. 
  The 
  lamp 
  is 
  made 
  up 
  of 
  a 
  candle 
  

   stuck 
  in 
  a 
  hollowed-out 
  lump 
  of 
  chalk. 
  The 
  finished 
  article 
  passes 
  

   through 
  three 
  processes 
  of 
  manufacture 
  : 
  

  

  1. 
  Quartering. 
  — 
  Sitting 
  upon 
  a 
  stool 
  which 
  is 
  slightly 
  sloping 
  

   forward 
  a 
  block 
  of 
  flint 
  is 
  placed 
  on 
  a 
  leather 
  pad 
  on 
  the 
  workman's 
  

   knees 
  and 
  broken 
  up 
  into 
  splinters 
  of 
  about 
  6 
  or 
  7 
  inches 
  square. 
  

   The 
  technique 
  of 
  quartering 
  lies 
  in 
  breaking 
  the 
  stone 
  so 
  as 
  to 
  have 
  

   a 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  squared-off 
  edge 
  to 
  begin 
  flaking 
  from. 
  Two 
  sizes 
  of 
  

   hammers 
  are 
  used 
  weighing 
  3 
  and 
  6 
  pounds, 
  respectively. 
  They 
  are 
  

   hexagonal 
  in 
  section 
  and 
  taper 
  toward 
  the 
  faces. 
  

  

  2. 
  Flaking. 
  — 
  This 
  is 
  the 
  most 
  difficult 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  process. 
  The 
  

   stone 
  must 
  be 
  struck 
  at 
  a 
  proper 
  angle, 
  with 
  a 
  certain 
  force, 
  and 
  

  

  1 
  The 
  bow 
  and 
  arrow 
  became 
  the 
  ordinary 
  weapon 
  during 
  the 
  Neolithic 
  period. 
  The 
  

   arrowheads 
  preserved 
  from 
  that 
  period 
  present 
  a 
  variety 
  of 
  forms, 
  as 
  triangles, 
  leaf 
  and 
  

   lozenge 
  shaped, 
  barbed, 
  and 
  with 
  or 
  without 
  a 
  stem. 
  Polished 
  arrowheads 
  are 
  found 
  only 
  

   in 
  Ireland 
  and 
  Portugal. 
  

  

  