﻿430 
  ANNUAL, 
  REPORT 
  SMITHSONIAN 
  INSTITUTION, 
  1922. 
  

  

  perforated 
  hammers 
  and 
  celts, 
  8 
  and 
  numerous 
  chisel-like 
  blades 
  of 
  

   nephrite 
  and 
  jadeite 
  mounted 
  in 
  sockets 
  of 
  deerhorn, 
  besides 
  grind- 
  

   ing 
  and 
  mill 
  stones. 
  The 
  clay 
  material 
  includes 
  a 
  large 
  collection 
  of 
  

   well-preserved 
  pottery, 
  some 
  of 
  large 
  dimensions, 
  spindle 
  whorls, 
  

   large 
  clay 
  rings, 
  which 
  were 
  probably 
  used 
  as 
  stands 
  for 
  vessels 
  

   with 
  rounded 
  bottoms. 
  Then 
  an 
  assortment 
  of 
  agricultural 
  prod- 
  

   ucts, 
  as 
  various 
  grains 
  and 
  fruits, 
  threads 
  and 
  pieces 
  of 
  cloth 
  and 
  

   tishing 
  nets, 
  all 
  in 
  good 
  preservation 
  from 
  having 
  been 
  carbonized. 
  

   In 
  the 
  osseous 
  material 
  are 
  represented 
  the 
  ox, 
  pig, 
  goat, 
  deer, 
  

   hare, 
  etc. 
  

  

  YUGOSLAVIA 
  (CROATIA). 
  

  

  There 
  are 
  from 
  this 
  region 
  only 
  a 
  few 
  casts 
  of 
  stone 
  implements 
  

   which 
  were 
  found 
  with 
  the 
  remains 
  of 
  the 
  Krapina 
  man. 
  

  

  GREECE. 
  

  

  The 
  small 
  collection 
  of 
  obsidian 
  cores 
  and 
  flakes 
  came 
  chiefly 
  from 
  

   Crete. 
  

  

  GERMANY. 
  

  

  The 
  German 
  prehistoric 
  collection 
  comes 
  in 
  the 
  main 
  from 
  the 
  

   islands 
  on 
  the 
  Baltic 
  Sea, 
  with 
  small 
  contributions 
  from 
  the 
  cavern 
  

   of 
  Taubach, 
  near 
  Weimar, 
  and 
  from 
  Thuringia. 
  It 
  includes 
  va- 
  

   rious 
  flake 
  tools, 
  including 
  Mousterian 
  points 
  and 
  lunate 
  knives, 
  

   polished 
  and 
  perforated 
  celts 
  and 
  ax 
  hammers, 
  chisels 
  and 
  gouges, 
  

   daggers 
  and 
  spearheads, 
  spindle 
  whorls, 
  and 
  fragments 
  of 
  pottery, 
  

   bones 
  and 
  teeth 
  of 
  the 
  bison, 
  rhinoceros, 
  cave 
  bear, 
  and 
  horse. 
  

  

  RUSSIA. 
  

  

  Russia 
  is 
  represented 
  by 
  a 
  small 
  collection 
  of 
  crude 
  chisels, 
  ar- 
  

   rowheads, 
  spearheads, 
  and 
  flakes 
  of 
  slate, 
  and 
  quartzite 
  schist 
  from 
  

   Vladivostok, 
  fragments 
  of 
  pottery, 
  decorated 
  with 
  cord 
  impressions, 
  

   from 
  Novgorod, 
  and 
  other 
  pottery 
  fragments, 
  one 
  containing 
  car- 
  

  

  8 
  Axes 
  and 
  hammers 
  pierced 
  for 
  the 
  reception 
  of 
  a 
  handle, 
  and 
  thus 
  approaching 
  in 
  

   character 
  corresponding 
  iron 
  implements 
  in 
  use 
  at 
  present, 
  were 
  for 
  the 
  most 
  part 
  manu- 
  

   factured 
  from 
  varieties 
  of 
  greenstone 
  (diorite 
  or 
  diabos), 
  basalt, 
  or 
  granite 
  and 
  similar 
  

   rocks. 
  Pierced 
  implements 
  of 
  flint 
  do 
  not 
  occur, 
  as 
  the 
  hardness 
  of 
  this 
  kind 
  of 
  stone 
  

   rendered 
  the 
  drilling 
  process 
  difficult. 
  Two 
  different 
  methods 
  at 
  least 
  seem 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  

   employed 
  in 
  drilling. 
  One 
  with 
  a 
  hollow, 
  cylindrical 
  or 
  tubular 
  drill, 
  probably 
  of 
  oxhorn 
  

   or 
  hollowed-out 
  deerhorn 
  aided 
  by 
  sand. 
  This 
  is 
  evidenced 
  by 
  the 
  presence 
  of 
  cores 
  or 
  

   lumps 
  often 
  left 
  in 
  the 
  perforations. 
  The 
  other 
  was 
  done 
  with 
  a 
  solid 
  drill, 
  probably 
  of 
  

   wood, 
  operated 
  by 
  a 
  bow 
  drill, 
  similar 
  to 
  that 
  used 
  in 
  producing 
  fire. 
  In 
  either 
  method 
  

   hard 
  sand 
  and 
  water 
  were 
  applied. 
  In 
  some 
  cases 
  the 
  hole 
  on 
  both 
  sides 
  tapers 
  toward 
  

   the 
  middle, 
  having 
  the 
  form 
  of 
  an 
  hourglass, 
  due 
  to 
  drilling 
  from 
  both 
  sides 
  with 
  a 
  solid 
  

   point. 
  In 
  some 
  rare 
  instances 
  the 
  perforation 
  is 
  oval 
  instead 
  of 
  round. 
  The 
  drilling 
  was 
  

   undertaken 
  after 
  the 
  stone 
  had 
  heen 
  ground 
  into 
  the 
  proper 
  shape, 
  as 
  shown 
  by 
  many 
  

   specimens 
  with 
  unfinished 
  borings. 
  The 
  more 
  finely 
  finished 
  specimens 
  were 
  probably 
  

   not 
  used 
  as 
  tools 
  but 
  as 
  weapons, 
  or, 
  more 
  likely, 
  as 
  badges 
  of 
  rank 
  or 
  command 
  by 
  

   chiefs, 
  as 
  the 
  edges 
  of 
  the 
  axes 
  are 
  usually 
  too 
  blunt 
  for 
  cutting 
  purposes, 
  and 
  all 
  of 
  

   them, 
  though 
  sometimes 
  expanded 
  at 
  the 
  perforated 
  part, 
  would 
  easily 
  break 
  at 
  the 
  shaft 
  

   hole 
  by 
  hard 
  usage. 
  

  

  