﻿OLD 
  WORLD 
  ARCHEOLOGY 
  — 
  CASANOWICZ. 
  431 
  

  

  bonized 
  human 
  bones 
  from 
  a 
  tumulus 
  near 
  Chernigov. 
  From 
  tumuli 
  

   in 
  the 
  neighborhood 
  of 
  Kiev 
  in 
  southern 
  Russia 
  (Ukraine) 
  came 
  a 
  

   collection 
  of 
  rudely 
  decorated 
  pottery, 
  bone 
  ornaments, 
  fragments 
  

   of 
  wood, 
  pieces 
  of 
  charcoal, 
  scoria, 
  ochre, 
  and 
  baked 
  earth. 
  

  

  SCANDINAVIA. 
  

  

  There 
  may 
  be 
  first 
  noted 
  a 
  collection 
  from 
  the 
  Danish 
  kitchen 
  

   middens. 
  The 
  kitchen 
  middens 
  (kjokken 
  modelings) 
  are 
  heaps 
  of 
  

   shells, 
  principally 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  oyster, 
  scattered 
  along 
  the 
  Danish 
  

   coast. 
  They 
  are 
  accumulations 
  of 
  kitchen 
  refuse 
  of 
  the 
  peoples 
  who 
  

   lived 
  on 
  these 
  sites 
  and 
  fed 
  largely 
  on 
  shellfish 
  and 
  such 
  animals 
  

   as 
  could 
  be 
  procured 
  by 
  hunting. 
  These 
  refuse 
  heaps 
  formed 
  in 
  

   course 
  of 
  time 
  large 
  mounds. 
  Over 
  150 
  of 
  these 
  heaps 
  are 
  known 
  in 
  

   Denmark, 
  sometimes 
  10 
  feet 
  in 
  height 
  and 
  nearly 
  350 
  feet 
  in 
  length. 
  

  

  The 
  industrial 
  remains 
  usually 
  found 
  embedded 
  in 
  these 
  mounds 
  

   consist 
  of 
  roughly 
  chipped 
  flint 
  implements, 
  a 
  few 
  pointed 
  imple- 
  

   ments 
  of 
  bone 
  and 
  horn, 
  and 
  some 
  coarse 
  pottery. 
  The 
  typical 
  flint 
  

   implement 
  of 
  the 
  kitchen 
  middens 
  is 
  the 
  so-called 
  tranchet, 
  a 
  wedge- 
  

   shaped 
  hatchet, 
  usually 
  made 
  by 
  transversely 
  dividing 
  a 
  large 
  

   oblong 
  flake, 
  having 
  one 
  straight, 
  incisive 
  lateral 
  edge, 
  into 
  two 
  or 
  

   more 
  sections. 
  One 
  end 
  of 
  each 
  chisel-like 
  section 
  retains 
  the 
  sharp 
  

   edge 
  of 
  the 
  original 
  flake, 
  which 
  is 
  usually 
  left 
  untouched, 
  while 
  the 
  

   sides 
  and 
  top 
  are 
  chipped 
  into 
  shape 
  for 
  hafting. 
  

  

  The 
  animal 
  bones 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  shell 
  heaps 
  are 
  chiefly 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  

   stag, 
  roe 
  deer, 
  and 
  wild 
  boar. 
  The 
  long 
  bones 
  have 
  been 
  broken 
  to 
  

   extract 
  the 
  marrow, 
  which 
  shows 
  that 
  the 
  people 
  of 
  these 
  settle- 
  

   ments 
  lived 
  in 
  part 
  on 
  the 
  products 
  of 
  the 
  chase. 
  They 
  appear 
  to 
  

   have 
  had 
  no 
  knowledge 
  of 
  agriculture, 
  and 
  their 
  only 
  domestic 
  

   animal 
  was 
  the 
  dog. 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  generally 
  supposed 
  that 
  the 
  kitchen 
  middens 
  of 
  Denmark 
  

   represent 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  earliest 
  stages 
  of 
  the 
  Neolithic 
  period 
  and 
  that 
  

   they 
  contain 
  the 
  oldest 
  traces 
  of 
  man 
  in 
  the 
  Scandinavian 
  Penin- 
  

   sula, 
  where, 
  thus 
  far, 
  no 
  remains 
  of 
  a 
  Paleolithic 
  industry 
  have 
  been 
  

   found. 
  

  

  The 
  remains 
  from 
  the 
  kitchen 
  middens 
  include 
  flint 
  flakes, 
  tran- 
  

   chets, 
  points, 
  chisels, 
  hammerstones, 
  and 
  cores, 
  bones 
  of 
  the 
  red 
  deer, 
  

   roe, 
  boar, 
  and 
  domestic 
  dog, 
  besides 
  shells, 
  fishbones, 
  and 
  bones 
  of 
  

   birds. 
  

  

  From 
  a 
  later 
  phase 
  of 
  the 
  Neolithic 
  period 
  both 
  Sweden 
  and 
  Den- 
  

   mark 
  are 
  represented 
  by 
  considerable 
  collections 
  of 
  finely 
  worked 
  

   stone 
  implements, 
  both 
  chipped 
  and 
  polished, 
  such 
  as 
  celts, 
  per- 
  

   forated 
  axhammers, 
  square 
  chisels, 
  gouges, 
  lunate 
  knives 
  and 
  saws, 
  

   daggers 
  and 
  spearheads, 
  arrowheads, 
  various 
  bone 
  implements, 
  spin- 
  

   dle 
  whorls, 
  and 
  pottery 
  fragments. 
  

  

  