﻿442 
  ANNUAL 
  REPORT 
  SMITHSONIAN 
  INSTITUTION, 
  1922. 
  

  

  cal 
  body. 
  Lekythus, 
  originally 
  an 
  oil 
  flask, 
  was 
  chiefly 
  used 
  for 
  

   funeral 
  purposes. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  fourth 
  century 
  B. 
  C, 
  important 
  potteries 
  were 
  also 
  estab- 
  

   lished 
  in 
  southern 
  Italy 
  (Lucania, 
  Apulia, 
  and 
  Campania), 
  which 
  

   in 
  general 
  followed 
  Athenian 
  models, 
  though 
  developing 
  local 
  va- 
  

   riations 
  of 
  style. 
  About 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  the 
  third 
  century 
  B. 
  C. 
  the 
  

   manufacture 
  of 
  painted 
  vases 
  ceased, 
  even 
  in 
  Italy. 
  They 
  were 
  

   superseded 
  by 
  vases 
  decorated 
  with 
  reliefs 
  (" 
  Megarian 
  bowls 
  " 
  and 
  

   u 
  Arretine 
  ware 
  ") 
  . 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  Museum's 
  collection 
  of 
  pottery 
  nearly 
  all 
  the 
  forms 
  enu- 
  

   merated 
  above 
  are 
  represented 
  and 
  range 
  in 
  date 
  from 
  the 
  seventh 
  

   century 
  B. 
  C. 
  to 
  the 
  first 
  century 
  A. 
  D., 
  including 
  the 
  Roman 
  

   black 
  vases 
  (so-called 
  Buchero) 
  and 
  the 
  Arretine 
  red 
  ware 
  (also 
  

   incorrectly 
  called 
  "Samian"), 
  which 
  was 
  a 
  characteristic 
  product 
  

   of 
  the 
  Romans, 
  deriving 
  its 
  name 
  from 
  Arezzo 
  (the 
  ancient 
  Ar- 
  

   retium) 
  in 
  Tuscany, 
  Italy, 
  the 
  chief 
  center 
  of 
  its 
  manufacture. 
  

  

  Another 
  collection 
  of 
  pottery, 
  ranging 
  in 
  date 
  from 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  

   the 
  second 
  millenium 
  to 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  first 
  millenium 
  B. 
  C, 
  may 
  

   be 
  roughly 
  assigned 
  to 
  the 
  countries 
  around 
  the 
  Mediterranean 
  

   Sea, 
  viz, 
  Phenicia, 
  Syria, 
  Cyprus, 
  Egypt, 
  Greece, 
  etc. 
  

  

  ANCIENT 
  TERRA 
  COTTAS. 
  

  

  Terra-cotta 
  statuettes 
  have 
  been 
  found 
  on 
  nearly 
  all 
  the 
  famous 
  

   sites 
  of 
  antiquity, 
  from 
  Babylonia 
  to 
  north 
  Africa, 
  and 
  from 
  Sicily 
  

   to 
  the 
  Crimea 
  in 
  Russia. 
  The 
  earliest 
  go 
  back 
  to 
  the 
  second 
  mil- 
  

   lenium 
  B. 
  C, 
  and 
  their 
  manufacture 
  continued 
  down 
  to 
  the 
  end 
  

   of 
  the 
  first 
  century 
  A. 
  D. 
  The 
  subjects 
  represented 
  in 
  these 
  

   statuettes 
  are: 
  Figures 
  of 
  deities; 
  mythological 
  subjects; 
  scenes 
  

   from 
  daily 
  life; 
  caricatures; 
  masks, 
  animals, 
  and 
  toys. 
  Most 
  of 
  

   these 
  represent 
  female 
  figures, 
  seated 
  or 
  standing, 
  with 
  a 
  high 
  

   headdress, 
  or 
  with 
  a 
  veil 
  or 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  upper 
  garment 
  drawn 
  over 
  

   the 
  head. 
  Sometimes 
  they 
  hold 
  a 
  child 
  or 
  carry 
  an 
  animal 
  or 
  

   fruit. 
  

  

  As 
  these 
  figurines 
  have 
  chiefly 
  been 
  found 
  on 
  sites 
  of 
  former 
  sanc- 
  

   tuaries 
  or 
  in 
  tombs, 
  it 
  is 
  assumed 
  that 
  they 
  were 
  originally 
  intended 
  

   for 
  religious 
  purposes, 
  but 
  in 
  time 
  lost 
  this 
  significance 
  and 
  were 
  

   used 
  by 
  the 
  Greeks 
  as 
  ornaments 
  in 
  daily 
  life. 
  

  

  The 
  Romans 
  placed 
  these 
  statuettes 
  in 
  their 
  house 
  shrines, 
  but 
  em- 
  

   ployed 
  them 
  also 
  as 
  toys 
  and 
  gifts 
  and 
  for 
  the 
  decoration 
  of 
  their 
  

   houses. 
  

  

  The 
  earliest 
  fabrics 
  were 
  modeled 
  by 
  hand 
  and 
  were 
  solid. 
  Sub- 
  

   sequently 
  molds 
  were 
  generally 
  used 
  which 
  enabled 
  the 
  making 
  of 
  

   hollow 
  and 
  light 
  figurines. 
  The 
  head 
  and 
  arms 
  were 
  usually 
  molded 
  

   separately 
  and 
  attached 
  afterwards, 
  which 
  permitted 
  variations 
  to 
  

   the 
  figures 
  coming 
  from 
  the 
  same 
  mold, 
  so 
  that 
  no 
  two 
  are 
  alike. 
  

  

  