﻿446 
  ANNUAL, 
  REPORT 
  SMITHSONIAN 
  INSTITUTION, 
  1922. 
  

  

  the 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  shield 
  are 
  painted 
  representations 
  of 
  jewelry 
  

   (necklaces). 
  On 
  the 
  lower 
  shield 
  appears 
  the 
  kneeling 
  figure 
  of 
  the 
  

   goddess 
  Nephthys, 
  with 
  extended 
  arms 
  and 
  wings. 
  On 
  either 
  side 
  

   of 
  her 
  head 
  are 
  two 
  groups 
  of 
  three 
  small 
  figures 
  each. 
  Ostrich 
  

   plumes 
  appear 
  in 
  the 
  corner 
  of 
  the 
  shield. 
  Along 
  the 
  legs 
  is 
  a 
  sheet 
  

   of 
  cemented 
  linen, 
  on 
  the 
  top 
  of 
  which 
  is 
  a 
  mummy 
  on 
  a 
  dog-shaped 
  

   bier; 
  at 
  the 
  head 
  of 
  the 
  bier 
  is 
  a 
  figure 
  kneeling, 
  holding 
  plumes. 
  

   Further 
  down 
  is 
  a 
  second 
  tet, 
  on 
  either 
  side 
  of 
  which 
  a 
  figure 
  with 
  

   an 
  implement 
  in 
  each 
  hand 
  faces 
  two 
  mummied 
  figures. 
  The 
  feet 
  of 
  

   the 
  mummy 
  are 
  incased 
  in 
  a 
  covering 
  of 
  cemented 
  linen. 
  

  

  The 
  ancient 
  Egyptians 
  conceived 
  man 
  as 
  consisting 
  of 
  at 
  least 
  

   three 
  parts: 
  the 
  body, 
  the 
  soul, 
  and 
  the 
  Ka; 
  that 
  is, 
  the 
  double 
  or 
  

   genius. 
  The 
  Ka 
  was 
  supposed 
  to 
  remain 
  in 
  existence 
  after 
  death 
  

   and 
  to 
  be 
  the 
  representative 
  of 
  the 
  human 
  personality. 
  In 
  order 
  that 
  

   the 
  Ka 
  might 
  take 
  possession 
  of 
  the 
  body 
  when 
  it 
  pleased, 
  the 
  latter 
  

   had 
  to 
  be 
  preserved 
  from 
  destructive 
  agencies 
  and 
  decay 
  in 
  the 
  

   tomb. 
  To 
  this 
  end 
  the 
  Egyptians 
  mummified 
  their 
  bodies, 
  built 
  in- 
  

   destructible 
  tombs, 
  inscribed 
  the 
  tombs 
  and 
  coffins 
  with 
  magical 
  

   formulae 
  to 
  repel 
  the 
  attacks 
  of 
  demons, 
  and 
  placed 
  statues, 
  house- 
  

   hold 
  goods, 
  food, 
  statuettes 
  of 
  servants, 
  etc., 
  in 
  the 
  tomb 
  that 
  " 
  the 
  

   house 
  of 
  eternity 
  " 
  might 
  as 
  much 
  as 
  possible 
  resemble 
  the 
  home 
  

   of 
  the 
  deceased. 
  

  

  To 
  arrest 
  the 
  decomposition 
  of 
  the 
  body, 
  the 
  Egyptians 
  embalmed 
  

   it 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  bitumen, 
  natron, 
  and 
  various 
  drugs 
  or 
  spices. 
  The 
  

   name 
  given 
  to 
  a 
  body 
  thus 
  preserved 
  was 
  mummy, 
  derived 
  from 
  the 
  

   Arabic 
  ( 
  ? 
  ) 
  word 
  for 
  bitumen, 
  " 
  mumia" 
  and 
  " 
  mumiyya" 
  " 
  bitu- 
  

   menized 
  thing." 
  The 
  native 
  Egyptian 
  names 
  for 
  mummy 
  are 
  sahu, 
  

   or 
  qes, 
  " 
  to 
  bandage 
  a 
  dead 
  body." 
  The 
  process 
  of 
  mummifying 
  was 
  

   of 
  great 
  antiquity 
  in 
  Egypt, 
  probably 
  dating 
  back 
  to 
  the 
  earliest 
  

   dynasties; 
  it 
  reached 
  the 
  highest 
  perfection 
  at 
  Thebes 
  during 
  the 
  

   eighteenth 
  and 
  nineteenth 
  dynasties 
  (about 
  1600 
  to 
  1200 
  B. 
  C.) 
  5 
  and 
  

   the 
  practice 
  is 
  said 
  to 
  have 
  continued 
  to 
  500 
  A. 
  D. 
  

  

  The 
  Greek 
  writers 
  Herodotus 
  (ii, 
  85) 
  and 
  Dioderus 
  Siculus 
  (i, 
  

   91) 
  record 
  that 
  the 
  Egyptians 
  employed 
  three 
  methods 
  of 
  em- 
  

   balming, 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  elaborate, 
  according 
  to 
  the 
  wealth 
  and 
  posi- 
  

   tion 
  of 
  the 
  deceased. 
  The 
  most 
  costly 
  mode 
  is 
  estimated 
  at 
  a 
  talent 
  

   of 
  silver, 
  or 
  about 
  $1,250. 
  After 
  removing 
  the 
  brain 
  and 
  viscera 
  

   the 
  cavities 
  of 
  the 
  body 
  were 
  rinsed 
  with 
  palm 
  wine, 
  filled 
  with 
  

   myrh, 
  cassia, 
  and 
  other 
  aromatics, 
  and 
  soaked 
  in 
  natron 
  (subcar- 
  

   bonate 
  of 
  soda) 
  for 
  70 
  days. 
  It 
  was 
  then 
  washed, 
  swathed 
  in 
  linen 
  

   bandages, 
  and 
  smeared 
  with 
  gum. 
  The 
  second 
  mode 
  cost 
  20 
  minae, 
  

   about 
  $300. 
  The 
  intestines 
  were 
  allowed 
  to 
  be 
  dissolved 
  by 
  means 
  

   of 
  cedar 
  oil 
  injected 
  into 
  the 
  abdomen, 
  while 
  the 
  flesh 
  was 
  conserved 
  

   by 
  natron, 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  body 
  was 
  soaked 
  for 
  the 
  prescribed 
  period. 
  

  

  