﻿454 
  ANNUAL 
  REPORT 
  SMITHSONIAN 
  INSTITUTION, 
  1922. 
  

  

  thirds 
  were 
  divided 
  between 
  the 
  Naval 
  Lyceum 
  of 
  Brooklyn 
  and 
  

   Mrs. 
  Ward 
  of 
  New 
  York. 
  The 
  mummy 
  case 
  is 
  formed 
  of 
  layers 
  of 
  

   linen, 
  over 
  which 
  is 
  a 
  thin 
  coating 
  of 
  chunam 
  to 
  receive 
  the 
  paint- 
  

   ing. 
  This 
  chunam 
  is 
  a 
  kind 
  of 
  stucco 
  used 
  in 
  Egypt 
  and 
  Hindustan, 
  

   even 
  to 
  the 
  present 
  day. 
  The 
  figure 
  on 
  the 
  left 
  represents 
  Isis, 
  god- 
  

   dess 
  of 
  dawn, 
  holding 
  in 
  her 
  right 
  hand 
  the 
  ankh 
  or 
  crux 
  ansata, 
  

   emblem 
  of 
  life, 
  and 
  in 
  her 
  left 
  hand 
  the 
  uas, 
  symbol 
  of 
  power 
  and 
  

   purity. 
  The 
  figure 
  on 
  the 
  left 
  represents 
  Nepthys, 
  goddess 
  of 
  twi- 
  

   light, 
  with 
  the 
  symbols 
  reversed. 
  The 
  inscription 
  is 
  part 
  of 
  a 
  for- 
  

   mula 
  frequent 
  from 
  the 
  6th 
  dynasty, 
  in 
  the 
  Pyramid 
  of 
  Seti, 
  of 
  Pepi 
  

   5th, 
  etc. 
  

  

  Greco-Egyptian 
  papyri, 
  containing 
  accounts 
  of 
  payments 
  of 
  

   money 
  and 
  in 
  kind; 
  collector's 
  return, 
  fragments 
  of 
  letters, 
  etc., 
  dat- 
  

   ing 
  from 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  first 
  century 
  B. 
  C. 
  to 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  second 
  

   century 
  A. 
  D. 
  

  

  A 
  selection 
  of 
  Egyptian 
  sepulchral 
  figures. 
  The 
  Egyptians 
  buried 
  

   with 
  their 
  dead 
  small 
  figures, 
  called 
  Ushabti 
  ("answerers,") 
  to 
  

   serve 
  as 
  substitutes 
  for 
  the 
  deceased 
  and 
  to 
  perform 
  for 
  him 
  what- 
  

   ever 
  agricultural 
  work 
  he 
  might 
  be 
  called 
  upon 
  to 
  do 
  in 
  the 
  realm 
  of 
  

   the 
  departed, 
  which 
  was 
  conceived 
  as 
  an 
  arable 
  country, 
  where 
  the 
  

   work 
  of 
  tilling 
  went 
  on 
  as 
  on 
  earth. 
  These 
  ushabti 
  were 
  placed, 
  

   sometimes 
  in 
  large 
  numbers, 
  either 
  in 
  a 
  special 
  box 
  or 
  upon 
  the 
  

   floor 
  of 
  the 
  tomb. 
  They 
  were 
  made 
  of 
  wood, 
  clay, 
  terra 
  cotta, 
  stone, 
  

   glazed 
  faience, 
  and 
  other 
  materials, 
  in 
  form 
  of 
  a 
  mummy 
  with 
  the 
  

   hands 
  folded 
  upon 
  the 
  breast, 
  and 
  were 
  sometimes 
  laid 
  in 
  the 
  model 
  

   of 
  a 
  coffin 
  or 
  sarcophagus. 
  In 
  later 
  times 
  they 
  are 
  represented 
  hold- 
  

   ing 
  a 
  mattock, 
  or 
  hoe, 
  and 
  a 
  reed 
  basket. 
  They 
  are 
  usually 
  in- 
  

   scribed 
  with 
  the 
  name 
  and 
  titles 
  of 
  the 
  deceased, 
  to 
  which 
  is 
  often 
  

   added 
  a 
  chapter 
  from 
  the 
  Ritual 
  of 
  the 
  Dead. 
  

  

  Scarabs, 
  plaques 
  representing 
  deities, 
  models 
  and 
  molds, 
  etc. 
  

  

  SCARABS. 
  

  

  Scarab 
  or 
  scarabaeus 
  is 
  the 
  name 
  given 
  to 
  the 
  myriads 
  of 
  models 
  

   of 
  a 
  beetle 
  which 
  are 
  found 
  with 
  mummies, 
  in 
  tombs 
  and 
  ruins 
  of 
  

   Egypt 
  and 
  other 
  countries 
  which 
  had 
  relations 
  with 
  Egypt. 
  The 
  

   beetle 
  which 
  was 
  copied 
  in 
  this 
  manner 
  is 
  identified 
  by 
  entomologists 
  

   with 
  the 
  Ateuchus 
  sacer, 
  an 
  insect 
  generally 
  black, 
  occasionally 
  also 
  

   of 
  blackish 
  green 
  hue, 
  about 
  an 
  inch 
  long 
  by 
  three 
  quarters 
  of 
  an 
  

   inch 
  broad, 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  southern 
  regions 
  of 
  the 
  Mediterranean. 
  It 
  

   lays 
  its 
  eggs 
  in 
  a 
  small 
  pellet 
  of 
  dung, 
  rolling 
  it 
  till 
  it 
  assumes 
  the 
  

   shape 
  of 
  a 
  ball, 
  and 
  then 
  burying 
  it 
  in 
  the 
  sand 
  where 
  the 
  eggs 
  are 
  

   hatched 
  out 
  by 
  the 
  sun's 
  rays. 
  On 
  account 
  of 
  this 
  habit 
  of 
  the 
  

   insect 
  the 
  ancient 
  Egyptians 
  saw 
  in 
  it 
  an 
  emblem 
  of 
  the 
  sun 
  god 
  

   who 
  rolls 
  the 
  sun 
  ball 
  across 
  the 
  sky. 
  It 
  was 
  especially 
  the 
  symbol 
  

  

  