﻿OLD 
  WORLD 
  ARCHEOLOGY 
  — 
  CASANOWICZ. 
  455 
  

  

  of 
  the 
  god 
  Khepera, 
  whose 
  name 
  the 
  scarab 
  bears 
  in 
  Egyptian, 
  the 
  

   " 
  father 
  of 
  the 
  gods," 
  who 
  created 
  himself 
  and 
  all 
  that 
  exists 
  from 
  

   emanations 
  of 
  his 
  own 
  body. 
  The 
  scarab, 
  which 
  like 
  the 
  god, 
  was 
  

   supposed 
  to 
  have 
  produced 
  itself 
  in 
  the 
  mud 
  pellet, 
  became 
  the 
  

   symbol 
  of 
  resurrection 
  and 
  of 
  perpetual 
  life. 
  

  

  Scarabs 
  were 
  made 
  of 
  every 
  kind 
  of 
  stone 
  known 
  to 
  the 
  Egyptians, 
  

   also 
  of 
  shell, 
  glass, 
  ivory, 
  faience, 
  or 
  glazed 
  pottery, 
  and 
  even 
  of 
  

   wood; 
  metal 
  scarabs 
  are 
  rare. 
  In 
  size 
  the 
  scarabs 
  range 
  from 
  a 
  

   fifth 
  of 
  an 
  inch 
  in 
  length 
  to 
  4 
  or 
  even 
  5 
  inches, 
  but 
  the 
  commonest 
  

   size 
  is 
  about 
  three-quarters 
  of 
  an 
  inch 
  by 
  one-half 
  of 
  an 
  inch 
  broad 
  

   and 
  a 
  quarter 
  of 
  an 
  inch 
  high, 
  and 
  are 
  nearly 
  always 
  pierced 
  longi- 
  

   tudinally 
  to 
  receive 
  a 
  thread 
  or 
  thin 
  wire. 
  

  

  By 
  far 
  the 
  greater 
  number 
  of 
  scarabs 
  are 
  carved 
  to 
  represent 
  the 
  

   beetle 
  standing 
  upon 
  an 
  elliptical 
  base 
  the 
  underside 
  of 
  which 
  is 
  

   engraved 
  in 
  intaglio 
  with 
  a 
  device 
  or 
  inscription. 
  The 
  engraving 
  

   depicts 
  figures 
  of 
  gods, 
  men, 
  animals, 
  and 
  flowers, 
  or 
  bears 
  hiero- 
  

   glyphic 
  inscriptions, 
  or 
  ornamental 
  devices, 
  as 
  coils, 
  spirals, 
  rope 
  

   and 
  scroll 
  patterns. 
  A 
  large 
  number 
  of 
  the 
  inscriptions 
  consist 
  

   of 
  the 
  names 
  or 
  titles 
  of 
  kings. 
  They 
  were 
  used 
  as 
  seals 
  or 
  signets 
  ; 
  

   were 
  placed 
  with 
  the 
  mummies 
  as 
  expressive 
  of 
  the 
  belief 
  in 
  the 
  

   revivification 
  of 
  the 
  body 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  renewed 
  life 
  after 
  death, 
  and 
  

   may 
  also 
  have 
  had 
  an 
  amuletic 
  or 
  talismanic 
  import. 
  Some 
  of 
  them 
  

   are 
  inscribed 
  with 
  mottoes 
  of 
  good 
  wishes. 
  They 
  are 
  sometimes 
  

   found 
  strung 
  together 
  and 
  may 
  have 
  been 
  worn 
  as 
  bracelets 
  or 
  

   necklaces. 
  

  

  The 
  scarab 
  was 
  essentially 
  an 
  Egyptian 
  gem, 
  as 
  the 
  cylinder 
  seal 
  

   was 
  essentially 
  Assyrian. 
  But 
  the 
  Phenicians 
  borrowed 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  

   the 
  scarab 
  from 
  Egypt 
  and 
  made 
  it 
  an 
  article 
  of 
  trade. 
  This 
  ac- 
  

   counts 
  for 
  the 
  finding 
  of 
  scarabs 
  in 
  various 
  lands 
  bordering 
  on 
  the 
  

   shores 
  of 
  the 
  Mediterranean. 
  

  

  The 
  Etruscan 
  scarabs, 
  which 
  are 
  frequently 
  found 
  in 
  Tuscany, 
  

   the 
  ancient 
  Etruria, 
  are 
  generally 
  carved 
  of 
  sard, 
  banded 
  agate, 
  or 
  

   rock 
  crystal, 
  and 
  are 
  usually 
  engraved 
  with 
  figures 
  or 
  groups 
  de- 
  

   rived 
  from 
  the 
  heroic 
  legends 
  of 
  Greece. 
  

  

  12. 
  Case 
  containing 
  the 
  funerary 
  tablet 
  of 
  Nebsumenu, 
  of 
  lime- 
  

   stone. 
  

  

  Mummied 
  Ibises. 
  The 
  ibis 
  was 
  the 
  sacred 
  bird 
  of 
  Thoth, 
  the 
  

   scribe 
  of 
  the 
  gods 
  and 
  the 
  god 
  of 
  learning. 
  Dead 
  ibises 
  were 
  em- 
  

   balmed 
  and 
  buried 
  in 
  earthenware 
  jars. 
  At 
  Memphis 
  there 
  are 
  

   numerous 
  burial 
  places 
  of 
  the 
  sacred 
  ibises. 
  

  

  An 
  ibis 
  eggshell. 
  

  

  Stone 
  implements. 
  Made 
  of 
  dolorite, 
  granite, 
  limestone, 
  syenite, 
  

   basalt, 
  and 
  gabbro, 
  in 
  forms 
  of 
  cones, 
  spheroidals, 
  discoidals, 
  etc. 
  

  

  