﻿468 
  ANNUAL, 
  REPORT 
  SMITHSONIAN 
  INSTITUTION, 
  1922. 
  

  

  Besides 
  the 
  stones 
  enumerated 
  in 
  these 
  lists 
  there 
  are 
  probably 
  

   mentioned 
  the 
  diamond 
  by 
  the 
  Hebrew 
  name 
  of 
  shamir, 
  Jerem. 
  xvii, 
  

   1; 
  Ezek. 
  iii, 
  9; 
  Zach. 
  vii, 
  12; 
  amber 
  (margin 
  of 
  Revised 
  Version, 
  

   electrum), 
  Hebrew 
  h-ashmal, 
  Ezek. 
  i. 
  4; 
  and 
  crystal, 
  Hebrew 
  qerah 
  

   and 
  gabish, 
  properly 
  ice, 
  according 
  to 
  the 
  view 
  of 
  the 
  ancients 
  that 
  

   crystal 
  was 
  ice 
  hardened 
  by 
  intense 
  cold, 
  Ezek. 
  i, 
  22 
  ; 
  Job 
  xxviii, 
  18 
  ; 
  

   Revel, 
  iv, 
  6. 
  — 
  In 
  many 
  cases 
  it 
  is 
  very 
  uncertain 
  whether 
  the 
  English 
  

   rendering 
  of 
  the 
  Hebrew 
  names 
  designates 
  the 
  same 
  precious 
  stones 
  

   as 
  the 
  nomenclature 
  of 
  modern 
  mineralogy. 
  

  

  The 
  engraving 
  of 
  signets 
  upon 
  hard 
  stones 
  was 
  practiced 
  at 
  an 
  

   early 
  period. 
  The 
  Israelites 
  may 
  have 
  acquired 
  the 
  art 
  from 
  the 
  

   Egyptians, 
  who 
  are 
  known 
  to 
  have 
  made 
  use 
  of 
  the 
  lapidary's 
  wheel 
  

   and 
  emery 
  powder, 
  and 
  are 
  supposed 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  acquainted 
  with 
  

   the 
  diamond 
  and 
  the 
  method 
  of 
  engraving 
  other 
  stones 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  

   it. 
  The 
  Assyrians 
  and 
  Babylonians 
  were 
  very 
  skillful 
  in 
  engraving 
  

   on 
  gems, 
  many 
  of 
  which 
  have 
  been 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  ruins 
  of 
  their 
  palaces 
  

   and 
  cities. 
  

  

  Silver 
  necklace 
  (Hebrew, 
  'anaq,) 
  Baghdad, 
  Mesopotamia. 
  The 
  

   custom 
  of 
  wearing 
  a 
  necklace 
  is 
  alluded 
  to 
  in 
  Proverbs 
  i, 
  9 
  ; 
  Canticles 
  

   i, 
  10; 
  iv, 
  9. 
  It 
  consisted 
  either 
  of 
  a 
  single 
  band 
  or 
  chain, 
  or 
  of 
  a 
  

   series 
  of 
  ornaments, 
  as 
  pearls, 
  pieces 
  of 
  corals, 
  or 
  diamonds 
  strung 
  

   together. 
  Animals 
  ridden 
  by 
  kings 
  were 
  decorated 
  with 
  collars 
  

   of 
  precious 
  materials 
  (Judges 
  viii, 
  26). 
  (PI. 
  31, 
  fig. 
  1.) 
  

  

  Gold 
  nose 
  ring 
  (Hebrew, 
  nezem), 
  Baghdad, 
  Mesopotamia. 
  The 
  

   Hebrew 
  word 
  nezem 
  denotes 
  both 
  earring 
  and 
  nose 
  ring. 
  The 
  latter 
  

   is 
  meant 
  in 
  Genesis 
  xxiv, 
  47 
  ; 
  Isaiah 
  iii, 
  21 
  ; 
  and 
  Proverbs 
  xi, 
  32 
  : 
  "As 
  

   a 
  jewel 
  of 
  gold 
  in 
  a 
  swine's 
  snout, 
  so 
  is 
  a 
  fair 
  woman 
  which 
  is 
  with- 
  

   out 
  discretion." 
  In 
  modern 
  times 
  the 
  rings 
  are 
  often 
  of 
  extraor- 
  

   dinary 
  size 
  and 
  frequently 
  reach 
  to 
  the 
  mouth, 
  so 
  that 
  they 
  must 
  be 
  

   removed 
  in 
  eating 
  (pi. 
  31, 
  fig 
  2). 
  

  

  Silver 
  anklets 
  (Hebrew, 
  i 
  akasim), 
  Baghdad, 
  Mesopotamia. 
  Ank- 
  

   lets, 
  as 
  ornaments 
  worn 
  by 
  women, 
  are 
  mentioned 
  in 
  Isaiah 
  iii, 
  

   16, 
  18. 
  From 
  these 
  passages 
  it 
  would 
  seem 
  that 
  the 
  tinkling 
  pro- 
  

   duced 
  by 
  knocking 
  the 
  anklets 
  against 
  each 
  other 
  was 
  their 
  chief 
  

   attraction 
  (pi. 
  31, 
  fig. 
  3). 
  

  

  Kohl 
  (Hebrew, 
  ptik) 
  and 
  the 
  implements 
  of 
  its 
  use 
  for 
  painting 
  ot 
  

   the 
  eyes. 
  Baghdad, 
  Mesopotamia. 
  The 
  practice 
  of 
  applying 
  pig- 
  

   ments 
  to 
  the 
  eyelids 
  and 
  eyebrows, 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  enhance 
  the 
  bril- 
  

   liancy 
  of 
  the 
  eyes 
  was 
  common 
  in 
  the 
  East 
  in 
  Bible 
  times 
  (Jere- 
  

   miah 
  iv, 
  30; 
  compare 
  Proverbs 
  vi, 
  25), 
  and 
  is 
  still 
  in 
  everyday 
  

   practice. 
  The 
  pigment, 
  which 
  is 
  a 
  preparation 
  of 
  antimony, 
  is 
  ap- 
  

   plied 
  to 
  the 
  eyelids 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  a 
  small 
  blunt 
  piece 
  of 
  wood, 
  ivory, 
  

   or 
  metal, 
  which 
  is 
  moistened, 
  dipped 
  in 
  the 
  mixture, 
  and 
  then 
  drawn 
  

   carefully 
  along 
  the 
  edges 
  of 
  the 
  eye. 
  From 
  the 
  Arabic 
  name 
  " 
  Kohl 
  " 
  

  

  