﻿486 
  ANNUAL, 
  REPORT 
  SMITHSONIAN 
  INSTITUTION, 
  1922. 
  

  

  34; 
  I 
  Sam., 
  xviii, 
  6) 
  ; 
  it 
  contributed 
  to 
  the 
  pleasure 
  and 
  festivity 
  

   of 
  the 
  banquet 
  (Isaiah 
  v, 
  12; 
  Amos 
  vi, 
  5; 
  II 
  Sam., 
  xix, 
  35). 
  It 
  was 
  

   the 
  indispensable 
  accompaniment 
  of 
  every 
  festal 
  occasion 
  (Genesis 
  

   xxxi, 
  27; 
  Luke, 
  xv, 
  25). 
  Above 
  all, 
  music 
  constituted 
  an 
  important 
  

   feature 
  of 
  religious 
  worship. 
  

  

  In 
  earlier 
  time 
  only 
  two 
  instruments 
  — 
  the 
  trumpet 
  (hagogera) 
  and 
  

   the 
  ram's 
  horn 
  (shofar) 
  — 
  are 
  mentioned 
  as 
  having 
  been 
  used 
  by 
  

   divine 
  ordinance 
  (Numbers 
  x, 
  2 
  ff; 
  Levit., 
  xxiii, 
  24; 
  xxv, 
  9). 
  An 
  

   extensive 
  use 
  of 
  music, 
  both 
  vocal 
  and 
  instrumental, 
  in 
  religious 
  serv- 
  

   ice 
  was 
  inaugurated 
  under 
  David. 
  Under 
  his 
  direction 
  4,000 
  Levites 
  

   under 
  288 
  leaders 
  were 
  organized 
  into 
  a 
  chorus 
  and 
  orchestra, 
  who 
  

   in 
  24 
  divisions 
  provided 
  for 
  the 
  music 
  of 
  the 
  sanctuary 
  (I 
  Chron., 
  

   xxiii, 
  5; 
  xxv, 
  7). 
  Solomon 
  had 
  lutes 
  and 
  harps 
  of 
  sandalwood 
  pre- 
  

   pared 
  for 
  the 
  singers 
  (I 
  Kings, 
  x, 
  12). 
  Among 
  the 
  later 
  kings, 
  

   Hezekiah 
  and 
  Josiah 
  are 
  especially 
  mentioned 
  as 
  having 
  given 
  much 
  

   attention 
  to 
  the 
  musical 
  services 
  of 
  the 
  Temple 
  (II 
  Chron., 
  xxix, 
  25; 
  

   xxxv, 
  15). 
  Music 
  at 
  service 
  was 
  not 
  altogether 
  neglected, 
  even 
  dur- 
  

   ing 
  the 
  depressed 
  condition 
  of 
  the 
  people 
  subsequent 
  to 
  the 
  cap- 
  

   tivity 
  (Nehem., 
  xi, 
  17, 
  22; 
  xii, 
  28). 
  And 
  from 
  Hebrew 
  post-Biblical 
  

   writings 
  it 
  is 
  known 
  that 
  it 
  formed 
  a 
  prominent 
  feature 
  of 
  Jewish 
  

   worship 
  in 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  Christ. 
  

  

  The 
  musical 
  instruments 
  mentioned 
  in 
  the 
  Bible 
  were, 
  like 
  those 
  

   of 
  antiquity 
  in 
  general, 
  of 
  three 
  kinds: 
  

  

  1. 
  Wind 
  instruments. 
  

  

  2. 
  Stringed 
  instruments, 
  which 
  were 
  always 
  played 
  with 
  the 
  fin- 
  

   gers 
  or 
  with 
  the 
  plectrum, 
  and 
  not, 
  like 
  the 
  modern 
  violin, 
  with 
  a 
  

   bow. 
  

  

  3. 
  Instruments 
  of 
  percussion, 
  which 
  were 
  beaten 
  or 
  shaken 
  to 
  

   produce 
  sound. 
  

  

  The 
  instruments 
  exhibited 
  are 
  as 
  follows 
  : 
  

  

  I. 
  INSTRUMENTS 
  OF 
  PERCUSSION. 
  

  

  (1) 
  Bound 
  tabret 
  (Hebrew, 
  tof, 
  Arabic, 
  duff, 
  which 
  agrees 
  with 
  

   the 
  Hebrew 
  and 
  is 
  the 
  parent 
  of 
  the 
  Spanish 
  aduffa) 
  . 
  Beirut, 
  Syria 
  

   (where 
  it 
  is 
  called 
  rikh). 
  The 
  tabret 
  or 
  timbrel 
  was 
  and 
  is 
  still 
  one 
  

   of 
  the 
  most 
  common 
  musical 
  instruments 
  in 
  the 
  Orient. 
  It 
  is 
  often 
  

   mentioned 
  throughout 
  the 
  earlier 
  history 
  of 
  Israel 
  (Genesis 
  xxxi, 
  27; 
  

   Judges 
  xi, 
  34, 
  etc.). 
  It 
  was 
  used 
  chiefly 
  by 
  women, 
  especially 
  in 
  

   dances 
  and 
  public 
  processions 
  (Exodus 
  xv, 
  20; 
  I 
  Samuel 
  xviii, 
  6) 
  , 
  but 
  

   appears 
  to 
  have 
  had 
  no 
  place 
  in 
  the 
  religious 
  services 
  of 
  the 
  Taber- 
  

   nacle 
  or 
  Temple. 
  According 
  to 
  representations 
  on 
  Egyptian 
  monu- 
  

   ments, 
  the 
  timbrel 
  was 
  either 
  round 
  or 
  four-sided 
  in 
  shape. 
  

  

  (2) 
  Four-sided 
  tabret, 
  Morocco, 
  Africa. 
  

  

  (3) 
  Kettledrum 
  (Arabic, 
  naggarah). 
  Cairo, 
  Egypt. 
  The 
  kettle- 
  

   drum 
  is 
  used 
  in 
  military 
  bands, 
  orchestras, 
  and 
  in 
  short 
  solo 
  pas- 
  

  

  