﻿OLD 
  WORLD 
  ARCHEOLOGY 
  CASANOWICZ. 
  487 
  

  

  sages. 
  It 
  is 
  also 
  employed 
  by 
  the 
  Dervishes 
  to 
  produce 
  excitement 
  

   in 
  their 
  devotions. 
  The 
  kettledrum 
  is 
  sounded 
  with 
  blows 
  from 
  a 
  

   soft-headed, 
  elastic 
  mallet, 
  stick, 
  or 
  a 
  leather 
  thong. 
  

  

  (4) 
  Cymbals 
  (Hebrew, 
  megiltayim, 
  qilqelim). 
  Cairo, 
  Egypt, 
  

   Cymbals 
  are 
  frequently 
  enumerated 
  among 
  the 
  musical 
  instruments 
  

   employed 
  in 
  the 
  Temple 
  (I 
  Chronicles 
  xv, 
  16, 
  19, 
  28; 
  xvi, 
  5, 
  42; 
  

   xxv, 
  6; 
  II 
  Chronicles 
  v, 
  13; 
  xxix, 
  25, 
  etc.). 
  The 
  cymbals 
  were 
  of 
  

   two 
  kinds. 
  One 
  consisted 
  of 
  two 
  large 
  plates 
  of 
  metal 
  with 
  wide 
  

   flat 
  rims 
  and 
  were 
  played 
  by 
  being 
  strapped 
  to 
  the 
  hands 
  and 
  

   clashed 
  together. 
  The 
  others 
  were 
  conical, 
  or 
  cup-like, 
  with 
  thin 
  

   edges, 
  and 
  were 
  played 
  by 
  bringing 
  down 
  tho 
  one 
  sharply 
  on 
  the 
  

   other 
  while 
  held 
  stationary, 
  eliciting 
  a 
  high-pitched 
  note. 
  Tho 
  

   Hebrew 
  names, 
  which 
  denote 
  a 
  jingling 
  sound, 
  can 
  also 
  be 
  applied 
  to 
  : 
  

  

  (5) 
  Castanets 
  (Hebrew, 
  qilcelim; 
  Syrian, 
  faggeishah). 
  Beirut, 
  

   Syria 
  (pi. 
  44). 
  

  

  II. 
  — 
  WIND 
  INSTRUMENTS. 
  

  

  (1) 
  Ram's 
  horn 
  (Hebrew, 
  shofar). 
  The 
  shofar, 
  in 
  the 
  English 
  

   versions 
  usually 
  inaccurately 
  translated 
  trumpet, 
  or 
  even 
  more 
  in- 
  

   accurately, 
  cornet, 
  is 
  first 
  mentioned 
  in 
  the 
  Bible 
  in 
  connection 
  with 
  

   the 
  giving 
  of 
  the 
  law 
  on 
  Sinai 
  (Exodus 
  xix, 
  16; 
  xx, 
  18). 
  Its 
  use 
  

   is 
  ordered 
  for 
  tho 
  announcement 
  of 
  the 
  new 
  moon 
  and 
  solemn 
  feasts 
  

   (Numbers 
  x, 
  10, 
  compare 
  Psalms 
  lxxxi, 
  4), 
  and 
  tho 
  proclamation 
  

   of 
  the 
  year 
  of 
  release 
  (Leviticus 
  xxv, 
  9). 
  New 
  Year's 
  Day 
  (the 
  first 
  

   of 
  the 
  seventh 
  month, 
  or 
  Tishri) 
  is 
  called 
  a 
  " 
  memorial 
  day 
  of 
  

   blowing" 
  (Leviticus 
  xxiii, 
  24; 
  Numbers 
  xxix, 
  1). 
  The 
  shofar 
  also 
  

   served 
  in 
  religious 
  processions 
  (II 
  Samuel 
  vi, 
  15; 
  I 
  Chronicles 
  xv, 
  

   28), 
  and 
  along 
  with 
  other 
  musical 
  instruments 
  as 
  an 
  accompaniment 
  

   to 
  the 
  song 
  of 
  praise 
  (Psalms 
  xcviii, 
  6; 
  cl, 
  3, 
  compare 
  Psalms 
  xlvii, 
  

   6). 
  But 
  the 
  most 
  ancient 
  and 
  most 
  frequent 
  use 
  of 
  the 
  shofar 
  was 
  

   for 
  military 
  purposes, 
  to 
  give 
  tho 
  signal 
  for 
  tho 
  rallying 
  of 
  the 
  peo- 
  

   ple 
  and 
  for 
  attacking 
  and 
  pursuing 
  the 
  enemy 
  (Numbers 
  x, 
  2 
  ff; 
  

   Joshua 
  vi, 
  4; 
  Judges 
  iii, 
  27; 
  vii, 
  18, 
  20; 
  I 
  Samuel 
  xiii, 
  3). 
  The 
  

   shofar 
  is 
  not 
  only 
  the 
  sole 
  instrument 
  of 
  those 
  mentioned 
  in 
  the 
  

   Bible 
  which 
  is 
  still 
  employed 
  by 
  the 
  Jews 
  in 
  their 
  religious 
  services 
  

   of 
  the 
  synagogue 
  during 
  the 
  penitential 
  month 
  of 
  Elul 
  (July- 
  

   August) 
  ; 
  on 
  New 
  Year's 
  Day 
  or 
  Rosh 
  ha-Shanah, 
  the 
  first 
  of 
  Tishri 
  

   (August-September) 
  ; 
  and 
  on 
  Atonement 
  Day, 
  or 
  Tom 
  Kippur, 
  the 
  

   tenth 
  of 
  Tishri; 
  but 
  is 
  also, 
  according 
  to 
  authorities 
  on 
  musical 
  in- 
  

   struments, 
  the 
  oldest 
  form 
  of 
  wind 
  instrument 
  known 
  to 
  be 
  retained 
  

   in 
  use. 
  It 
  is 
  usually 
  made 
  of 
  a 
  ram's 
  horn, 
  though 
  tho 
  goat's 
  horn 
  

   is 
  also 
  employed 
  (pi. 
  45, 
  fig. 
  2). 
  

  

  (2) 
  Trumpet 
  (Hebrew, 
  haqocerah). 
  Morocco, 
  Africa 
  (where 
  it 
  

   is 
  called 
  rtfeer). 
  The 
  trumpet 
  was 
  the 
  first 
  instrument 
  expressly 
  

   ordered 
  in 
  the 
  Pentateuch. 
  At 
  first 
  there 
  were 
  but 
  two. 
  made 
  of 
  

  

  