﻿488 
  ANNUAL 
  REPORT 
  SMITHSONIAN 
  INSTITUTION, 
  1922. 
  

  

  silver 
  (Numbers 
  x, 
  1-10). 
  Solomon 
  increased 
  their 
  number 
  to 
  

   one 
  hundred 
  and 
  twenty 
  (II 
  Chronicles 
  v, 
  12). 
  It 
  was 
  almost 
  ex- 
  

   clusively 
  a 
  priestly 
  instrument. 
  Its 
  primary 
  use 
  was 
  for 
  giving 
  

   signals 
  for 
  the 
  people 
  to 
  assemble, 
  but 
  was 
  appropriated 
  to 
  religious 
  

   services 
  (II 
  Kings 
  xii, 
  14; 
  II 
  Chronicles 
  xiii, 
  12, 
  14). 
  According 
  

   to 
  the 
  representation 
  on 
  the 
  Arch 
  of 
  Titus, 
  the 
  trumpet 
  was 
  narrow 
  

   and 
  straight 
  and 
  had 
  at 
  the 
  bottom 
  a 
  bell-like 
  protuberance 
  (pi. 
  46). 
  

  

  (3) 
  Flute 
  or 
  pipe 
  (Hebrew, 
  halil). 
  Damascus, 
  Syria 
  (where 
  it 
  

   is 
  called 
  shubab). 
  The 
  pipe 
  or 
  flute 
  was 
  a 
  favorite 
  instrument 
  of 
  

   the 
  ancients. 
  In 
  its 
  simplest 
  form 
  it 
  was 
  a 
  reed, 
  or 
  variety 
  of 
  wood 
  

   in 
  the 
  shape 
  of 
  a 
  reed, 
  about 
  18 
  inches 
  in 
  length, 
  bored 
  throughout 
  

   evenly 
  and 
  pierced 
  with 
  holes 
  in 
  the 
  sides 
  for 
  notes. 
  Sometimes 
  

   two 
  were 
  bound 
  together. 
  The 
  flute 
  was 
  not 
  used 
  in 
  religious 
  serv- 
  

   ices, 
  but 
  it 
  is 
  mentioned 
  among 
  others 
  in 
  the 
  Bible 
  as 
  employed 
  on 
  

   festival 
  occasions, 
  as 
  also 
  on 
  those 
  of 
  mourning 
  (I 
  Samuel 
  x, 
  5; 
  I 
  

   Kings 
  i, 
  40 
  ; 
  Isaiah 
  xxx, 
  29 
  ; 
  Matthew 
  ix, 
  23 
  ; 
  xi, 
  17 
  ; 
  Revelation 
  xviii, 
  

   22) 
  (pi. 
  45, 
  fig. 
  4). 
  

  

  (4) 
  Double 
  flute. 
  Bethlehem, 
  Palestine. 
  This 
  instrument 
  is 
  

   assumed 
  by 
  some 
  to 
  represent 
  the 
  sumponiah 
  (symphony) 
  of 
  Daniel 
  

   iii, 
  5, 
  10, 
  15. 
  The 
  English 
  versions 
  give 
  dulcimer, 
  though 
  the 
  mar- 
  

   gin 
  of 
  the 
  Revised 
  Version 
  gives 
  bagpipe. 
  Sumponiah 
  is 
  supposed 
  

   by 
  some 
  to 
  be 
  a 
  translation 
  of 
  the 
  Hebrew 
  higab, 
  but 
  the 
  latter 
  pos- 
  

   sibly 
  represents 
  pan 
  pipes 
  (pi. 
  45, 
  fig. 
  3). 
  

  

  (5) 
  Reeds 
  or 
  pan 
  pipes. 
  Cairo, 
  Egypt. 
  The 
  reeds, 
  now 
  called 
  

   in 
  Syria 
  Mijwiz 
  or 
  Naigha, 
  are 
  enumerated 
  in 
  Daniel 
  iii, 
  5, 
  7, 
  10, 
  

   15, 
  under 
  the 
  name 
  of 
  mashrokitha 
  (English 
  version, 
  flute), 
  among 
  

   the 
  instruments 
  of 
  the 
  Babylonians. 
  Some 
  consider 
  them 
  the 
  Hebrew 
  

   '"ugab 
  (Genesis 
  iv, 
  21). 
  They 
  were 
  known 
  to 
  the 
  Greeks 
  under 
  the 
  

   name 
  of 
  syrinx 
  (Latin 
  fistula) 
  (pi. 
  45, 
  fig. 
  3). 
  

  

  (6) 
  Bagpipe. 
  Tunis, 
  Africa, 
  where 
  it 
  is 
  called 
  zaida. 
  Supposed 
  

   by 
  some 
  to 
  represent 
  the 
  Hebrew 
  l 
  ugab, 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  first 
  musical 
  in- 
  

   struments 
  mentioned 
  in 
  the 
  Bible 
  (Genesis 
  iv, 
  21) 
  ; 
  others 
  consider 
  

   'ugab 
  to 
  mean 
  a 
  sort 
  of 
  a 
  syrinx. 
  The 
  Authorized 
  Version 
  renders 
  

   it 
  by 
  "organ," 
  the 
  Revised 
  by 
  "pipe." 
  The 
  bagpipe 
  originated 
  in 
  

   the 
  East, 
  was 
  known 
  to 
  the 
  Greeks 
  and 
  Romans, 
  was 
  popular 
  

   throughout 
  the 
  middle 
  ages, 
  and 
  is 
  still 
  used 
  in 
  many 
  eastern 
  

   countries, 
  and 
  among 
  the 
  country 
  people 
  of 
  Poland, 
  Italy, 
  the 
  south 
  

   of 
  France, 
  and 
  in 
  Scotland 
  and 
  Ireland 
  (pi. 
  47). 
  

  

  III. 
  STRINGED 
  INSTRUMENTS. 
  

  

  (Not 
  represented 
  by 
  specimens.) 
  

  

  The 
  stringed 
  instruments 
  mentioned 
  in 
  the 
  Bible 
  are 
  : 
  

   (1) 
  Harp. 
  The 
  Hebrew 
  word 
  kinnor 
  which 
  is 
  adopted 
  for 
  harp, 
  

   occurs 
  in 
  the 
  opening 
  chapters 
  of 
  the 
  Bible 
  (Genesis 
  iv, 
  21). 
  It 
  

  

  