﻿496 
  ANNUAL 
  REPORT 
  SMITHSONIAN 
  INSTITUTION, 
  1922. 
  

  

  The 
  fibulae, 
  or 
  safety 
  pins, 
  occur 
  from 
  the 
  earliest 
  civilization 
  of 
  

   the 
  Bronze 
  Age 
  to 
  the 
  latest 
  Roman 
  times 
  and 
  even 
  later 
  in 
  Anglo- 
  

   Saxon 
  and 
  Scandinavian 
  examples. 
  They 
  were 
  usually 
  made 
  of 
  

   bronze, 
  though 
  in 
  the 
  more 
  elaborate 
  and 
  ornamented 
  forms 
  they 
  

   were 
  sometimes 
  of 
  gold. 
  They 
  vary 
  greatly 
  in 
  size, 
  the 
  large 
  bronze 
  

   specimens 
  being 
  six 
  inches, 
  or 
  even 
  more, 
  in 
  length. 
  The 
  earliest 
  

   fibulae 
  are 
  simple 
  safety 
  pins 
  made 
  of 
  a 
  single 
  wire, 
  sharpened 
  at 
  one 
  

   end, 
  twisted 
  in 
  a 
  spiral, 
  or 
  circular 
  curve 
  about 
  the 
  middle, 
  in 
  order 
  

   to 
  give 
  it 
  a 
  spring, 
  and 
  at 
  the 
  other 
  end 
  so 
  bent 
  as 
  to 
  form 
  a 
  catch 
  

   and 
  shield 
  for 
  the 
  point. 
  To 
  this 
  simple 
  pin 
  succeeds 
  the 
  fibulae 
  with 
  

   an 
  arch 
  or 
  bow. 
  From 
  this 
  developed 
  the 
  boat-type, 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  

   bow 
  is 
  so 
  curved 
  and 
  shaped 
  as 
  to 
  resemble 
  a 
  boat. 
  The 
  shield 
  and 
  

   bow 
  are 
  often 
  decorated 
  with 
  designs, 
  in 
  relief 
  or 
  incised, 
  and 
  

   pendants. 
  

  

  56. 
  Collection 
  of 
  necklaces, 
  figurines 
  of 
  gods, 
  mummied 
  hand 
  of 
  a 
  

   woman, 
  and 
  mummied 
  cat 
  from 
  Egypt. 
  

  

  57. 
  Large 
  bronze 
  vessels: 
  Amphoras, 
  pails 
  (situlae), 
  bowls, 
  pitch- 
  

   ers. 
  Collection 
  of 
  terra-cotta 
  figurines 
  (see 
  above, 
  p. 
  443), 
  and 
  

   Roman-Etruscan 
  bronze 
  domestic 
  utensils, 
  as 
  pans, 
  cups, 
  ladles, 
  

   strainers, 
  a 
  steelyard; 
  also 
  masks 
  and 
  stamps. 
  

  

  58. 
  Collection 
  of 
  ancient 
  coins, 
  seals, 
  and 
  bronzes. 
  The 
  coins 
  

   were 
  for 
  the 
  most 
  part 
  ploughed 
  up 
  by 
  the 
  natives 
  in 
  the 
  region 
  be- 
  

   tween 
  Antiochia 
  and 
  the 
  Euphrates 
  in 
  Syria, 
  while 
  the 
  bronze 
  fig- 
  

   urines 
  were 
  found 
  near 
  the 
  site 
  of 
  Carchemish, 
  the 
  ancient 
  capital 
  of 
  

   the 
  Hittites, 
  modern 
  Jerabis 
  on 
  the 
  Euphrates, 
  Syria. 
  

  

  59. 
  Small 
  bronze 
  and 
  pottery 
  vessels. 
  Small 
  bronzes 
  used 
  in 
  the 
  

   toilet 
  and 
  dress, 
  as 
  razors, 
  strigils, 
  buttons, 
  awls, 
  bodkins, 
  and 
  

   needles; 
  also 
  a 
  collection 
  of 
  surgical 
  instruments, 
  mostly 
  from 
  

   Italy. 
  

  

  60. 
  Relics 
  of 
  the 
  Stone 
  Age 
  from 
  Germany. 
  

  

  61. 
  Large 
  bronze 
  vessels; 
  a 
  bronze 
  helmet; 
  bronze 
  heads 
  and 
  

   statuettes; 
  bronze 
  celts, 
  swords, 
  spearheads, 
  knives, 
  sickles, 
  together 
  

   with 
  the 
  stone 
  molds 
  for 
  casting 
  various 
  bronze 
  implements 
  from 
  

   various 
  localities. 
  

  

  The 
  term 
  " 
  celt 
  " 
  is 
  used 
  in 
  archeology 
  to 
  describe 
  implements 
  of 
  

   chisel-form, 
  such 
  as 
  axes, 
  hatchets, 
  adzes, 
  and 
  chisels, 
  which 
  were 
  

   used 
  as 
  cutting-tools 
  or 
  as 
  weapons. 
  The 
  word 
  is 
  generally 
  derived 
  

   from 
  the 
  Low 
  Latin 
  celtis, 
  a 
  chisel. 
  The 
  bronze 
  celts 
  vary 
  in 
  size 
  

   from 
  one 
  inch 
  to 
  one 
  foot 
  in 
  length. 
  The 
  following 
  four 
  principal 
  

   forms 
  are 
  distinguished 
  in 
  the 
  development 
  of 
  the 
  bronze 
  celts: 
  

  

  1. 
  Flat 
  celts, 
  the 
  earliest 
  and 
  simplest 
  form, 
  approximating 
  in 
  

   shape 
  the 
  polished 
  stone 
  celts 
  of 
  the 
  Neolithic 
  period. 
  They 
  were 
  

   probably 
  hafted 
  by 
  the 
  butt 
  end 
  being 
  driven 
  into 
  a 
  handle 
  of 
  wood, 
  

   in 
  the 
  same 
  manner 
  as 
  many 
  stone 
  celts 
  have 
  been 
  mounted. 
  

  

  