﻿510 
  ANNUAL 
  REPORT 
  SMITHSONIAN 
  INSTITUTION, 
  1922. 
  

  

  I. 
  The 
  general 
  survey 
  began 
  with 
  the 
  preparation 
  of 
  a 
  surface 
  

   chart 
  to 
  a 
  scale 
  of 
  1 
  : 
  2000, 
  here 
  reproduced 
  for 
  ready 
  reference 
  from 
  

   the 
  Quarterly 
  Statement 
  of 
  April, 
  1921, 
  on 
  a 
  scale 
  of 
  about 
  1 
  : 
  5000. 
  

   Plans 
  of 
  visible 
  and 
  excavated 
  buildings 
  are 
  being 
  prepared 
  to 
  a 
  

   scale 
  of 
  1 
  : 
  200, 
  and 
  details 
  to 
  1 
  : 
  100. 
  The 
  visible 
  superficial 
  remains 
  

   include 
  the 
  great 
  rampart 
  of 
  semicircular 
  form 
  abutting 
  upon 
  the 
  

   sea, 
  crowned 
  with 
  mediaeval 
  masoned 
  walls, 
  in 
  which 
  there 
  are 
  evi- 
  

   dent 
  traces 
  of 
  repair 
  and 
  destruction 
  consistent 
  with 
  the 
  Chronicles 
  

   of 
  the 
  Crusades. 
  The 
  date 
  of 
  the 
  underlying 
  earthen 
  ramparts 
  has 
  

   not 
  yet 
  been 
  ascertained. 
  They 
  seem 
  to 
  be 
  much 
  older, 
  and 
  may 
  well 
  

   belong 
  to 
  the 
  period 
  of 
  the 
  migrations 
  which 
  brought 
  the 
  Philistines 
  

   or 
  to 
  the 
  Hyksos 
  Period. 
  (PL 
  2, 
  fig. 
  1.) 
  

  

  The 
  inclosure, 
  with 
  its 
  ramparts 
  of 
  beaten 
  earth, 
  is 
  indeed 
  

   comparable 
  with 
  the 
  great 
  camps 
  of 
  more 
  regular 
  form 
  which 
  have 
  

   been 
  indicated 
  at 
  Tell 
  el-Yahudieh 
  on 
  the 
  Egyptian 
  frontier, 
  near 
  

   Horns 
  in 
  Syria, 
  and 
  further 
  east 
  in 
  the 
  Merv 
  Oasis, 
  Turkestan. 
  

   The 
  camp 
  near 
  Horns 
  was 
  associated 
  in 
  some 
  way 
  with 
  the 
  Hittites, 
  

   and 
  the 
  ramparts 
  defending 
  the 
  southern 
  approaches 
  to 
  the 
  Hittite 
  

   capital 
  at 
  Boghaz 
  Keui 
  in 
  Asia 
  Minor 
  are 
  of 
  similar 
  appearance 
  and 
  

   character, 
  though 
  they 
  have 
  been 
  reinforced 
  at 
  some 
  date 
  by 
  a 
  

   revetment 
  of 
  stone. 
  

  

  The 
  knoll 
  rising 
  by 
  the 
  sea 
  within 
  this 
  area 
  was 
  apparently 
  the 
  

   oldest 
  and 
  the 
  most 
  defensible 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  inclosure 
  from 
  the 
  

   beginning 
  down 
  at 
  any 
  rate 
  to 
  early 
  Roman 
  times. 
  While 
  we 
  have 
  

   not 
  yet 
  traced 
  the 
  foundations 
  of 
  the 
  citadel 
  such 
  as 
  Rameses 
  II 
  

   assailed 
  — 
  according 
  to 
  contemporary 
  Egyptian 
  pictures 
  — 
  there 
  can 
  

   remain 
  little 
  doubt 
  that 
  it 
  crowned 
  this 
  knoll, 
  and 
  that 
  the 
  develop- 
  

   ment 
  of 
  the 
  city 
  was 
  by 
  marked 
  stages 
  of 
  expansion, 
  of 
  which 
  the 
  

   terraces 
  roughly 
  perpetuate 
  the 
  outline, 
  until 
  in 
  Hellenistic 
  times 
  it 
  

   inclosed 
  the 
  whole 
  knoll. 
  Thereafter, 
  with 
  the 
  rapid 
  prosperity 
  

   heralded 
  by 
  the 
  Roman 
  freedom, 
  it 
  spread 
  out 
  over 
  the 
  more 
  level 
  

   ground 
  within 
  the 
  broad 
  circuit 
  of 
  the 
  ramparts 
  and 
  over 
  the 
  

   northern 
  knoll 
  as 
  well. 
  For 
  this 
  reason 
  there 
  is 
  nothing 
  visible 
  

   upon 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  pre-Roman 
  date; 
  but 
  of 
  this 
  and 
  later 
  periods 
  

   there 
  are 
  abundant 
  traces. 
  Nearly 
  every 
  field 
  contains 
  fragments 
  

   of 
  columns 
  or 
  bases 
  or 
  capitals, 
  and 
  the 
  nature 
  and 
  date 
  of 
  the 
  various 
  

   buildings 
  can 
  be 
  sometimes 
  guessed 
  from 
  the 
  distribution 
  of 
  these 
  

   remains. 
  There 
  is 
  a 
  fine 
  group 
  of 
  granite 
  columns 
  lying 
  at 
  the 
  

   junction 
  of 
  the 
  cross 
  roads 
  (field 
  151). 
  Local 
  accounts 
  indicate 
  

   that 
  they 
  belonged 
  to 
  the 
  " 
  temple 
  of 
  Jupiter 
  " 
  which 
  was 
  revealed 
  

   last 
  century. 
  

  

  The 
  site 
  of 
  the 
  Bir 
  Ibrahim, 
  the 
  Well 
  of 
  Abraham, 
  spoken 
  of 
  by 
  

   many 
  writers 
  from 
  Origen 
  and 
  Eusebius, 
  is 
  practically 
  certain, 
  and 
  

  

  