THE LYCANIDE. 87 
ornamented with eye-shaped spots of fawn or red colour; and 
these negroes, as they are termed, are found upon the Alps, the 
Pyrenees, the Caucasus, the Himalayas, and even upon the Rocky 
Mountains. Some closely allied forms, belonging to the genus 
Chionobas, are of a tawny or pale greyish yellow colour, and are 
found in the remotest north of Europe, America, Iceland, Siberia, 
and Kamschatka, and one kind lives in the Alps. 
There are some Satyridz in South America, the forms and 
colour of wings of which are very different to those of the Euro- 
-pean kinds. Thus, the Hewtere of Brazil and Guiana have festoon- 
shaped wings, which are partly transparent. The scales on the 
wings, scantily sown, as it were, are almost wanting in many spots, 
where they are often replaced by pretty little hairs. The mem- 
brane of the wing is, however, very iridescent, and produces very 
pretty effects of light and shade. 
The caterpillars of the 7hecla Walbum, one of the Lycenide, 
and so called on account of a curious white mark near the end of 
the hinder wings like the letter W, feeds on the elm and haw- 
thorn, and owes its safety to its colour being so very exactly like 
that of the foliage upon which it lives. The general shape of the 
larva and the short legs impede its movements, and the insect is 
rarely found off a leaf. 
After having devoured one leaf the caterpillar crawls on to the 
next, and this is about the extent of its travels. The caterpillar 
usually lies very closely upon the under surface of leaves, and its 
tints so resemble those of the elm that it is not readily perceived. 
The chrysalis is found attached to the leaves, which have partly 
contributed to the maintenance of the larva, and the butterfly 
escapes about a fortnight after the first transformation. One of 
the species of 7ecla—the Green Hair-streak, or 7hecla rubi—has 
an ornamentation, so far as colour is concerned, which is, perhaps, 
exceptional in the Lepidoptera. Its wings are brown above, but 
of a uniform light blue beneath. A Californian species has its 
wings of the same colour, and affords an example of the close 
relationship between the butterflies of North America and the 
temperate tracts of Europe. 
The Hesperide are butterflies that have many points of 
resemblance with moths, and therefore are unlike those we have 
