THE VESPIDZE:. 235 
mother wasp, which has passed through the winter in a con- 
dition of sleepy stupidity. After having built her nest, she 
deposits an egg in each cell; and when the larve are hatched, 
they become her workers and nurses. They enlarge the first 
comb by adding new cells around it; then they construct a second 
comb, and attach it to the first by two or three pillars; then a 
third is made, and fixed to the second; and so on for a_ series 
which may include a fourth, fifth, and a sixth comb. The 
number of the combs varies according to the increase of the popu- 
lation of the nest. The whole has three papery envelopes, one 
placed over the other, and they serve to protect the combs, to 
which, however, they are never attached. The largest nests are 
sometimes a foot in height; but whether they are large or 
small, they look very pretty amongst the foliage of beautiful 
bushes. The opening is situated at the lowest part of the nest, 
and underneath, and is always sufficiently large to give free in- 
gress and egress to the wasps. 
In the accompanying engraving there is a figure of one of 
these nests, which is suspended from a small branch. 
The common wasp (Vespa vulgaris) makes its home in the earth, 
and after having found a small cavity somewhere, it brings con- 
structing materials to it, and makes its nest in the dark retreat. 
When the population of the nest increases, and when the number 
of the sets of cells has to be augmented, the wasps are obliged 
to undertake a great deal of labour in order to enlarge the area of 
their homes. The nests of the common wasps have several papery 
envelopes, like those of the wasps just mentioned, and they often 
assume very great size, and contain thousands of individuals. To 
all appearance, the societies of the common wasp do not perish 
during the winter; and if one of the localities where wasps are 
often seen is examined, it will become evident that the wasps 
never leave it year after year, unless disturbed. 
The Hornet (Vespa crabro) is always feared, on account of its 
great size and fierce appearance; and it may be easily distin- 
guished from all other wasps by the russet colour of the head and 
front part of the body. Hornets usually make their nests in old 
trunks of trees which contain large hollow spaces, for they want 
much room for their great habitation. They attach their first 
