476 TRANSFORMATIONS OF INSECTS. 
sists of a spiny ramus, or oar-shaped limb, not jointed in the 
Scalpellum, but many-jointed in other genera. The other pairs 
have each two rami, supported on a common stem or upper leg, 
and they are jointed, and the longer spines upon them are beauti- 
fully feathery. The end of the body or abdomen ends a little 
beyond the posterior end of the carapace in a slightly upturned 
horny point, and a short distance in front of this there is a strong 
forked projection. 
Between the points whence the three pairs of legs start from 
the body, there is a mouth, in the shape of a proboscis, and an 
cesophagus, which loses itself internally amidst the cellular and 
oily matter filling the animal. There are some spines on the 
hinder legs close to the body, and in the immediate neighbour- 
hood of the mouth (which is thus far back), which appear to 
come for the purposes of prehension; they grow rapidly, and 
act like the mandibles and maxilla of mature C7rrifedes for seizing 
taex prey, he wisst pair of legs answers to the outer pair of 
jaw legs (maxillopoda) of the higher Crustacea, and the other four 
legs to the first two thoracic limbs in the same animals; the 
mouth, in the larva, being between the bases of the hind legs, 
The young larva swims actively by means of its oar-like legs, 
and in a day or two changes its skin, and after that proceeding 
the end of the carapace is seen to be elongated into a point, and 
the end of the abdomen becomes developed in Lefas into a single, 
tapering, spinose projection. In other genera there are different 
methods of growth, so far as these endings are concerned. 
The first skin shedding or moult may take place within the 
sac of the parent. The carapace or shell covers the dorsal or 
back surface, and in the larva of the first stage is not marked 
with joints or segmentations. Some kinds gain the eye after the 
first moult, and others, which had a single eye at birth, begin 
to show a double organ after the skin shedding. The antenne 
increase in length after the first moult, and before that period 
there are no traces of jaws or other legs behind the three pair. 
The larva of Leas in the second stage was described by Burmeis- 
ter, and great changes must have occurred during its metamorphosis. 
The carapace has greatly aitered in its character, and two fleshy 
projections from the front of it, by which the creature adheres to 
