88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxii. 



Natives of tropical seas, some species extending northward. Many 

 of the species are highly vahied as food. 



The Japanese species are known as "Benisashi" (red-smear), or as 

 "Higoi" (fire carp), or "Umihigoi" (sea red carp). 



KEY TO GENERA. 



a. Vomer and palatines without "teeth. 



b. Teeth of jaws rather strono;, in one or two series Pseudupeneus, 1 



bh. Teeth of jaws small, subequal, in several series or in • villiform 



bands _ - Mulloldes, 2 



aa. Vomer and palatines with teeth; teeth of jaws small, mostly in villiform 

 bands Uj)eneus, 3 



I. PSEUDUPENEUS Bleeker. 



Upeneustt Cuvier, Regne Animal, 2d ed., 1829, II, p. 157, in part {viUatus; russelln; 

 bifasciatus; trifasclatus); (restricted by Bleeker to 6(/ascia/«s) . 



Hypeneus Agassiz, Nom. Zool., Index Universalis, 1846, p. 190 (amended orthog- 

 raphy ) . 



Pseudupeneus Bleeker, Poiss. Cote de Guinee, 1862, p. 56 {prayensis) ; (teeth 

 biserial above, nniserial below ) . 



Parupeneus Bleeker, Notice sur le Parupeneus bifasciatus de I'lle la Reunion, 

 1867, p. 345 {bifasciatus); (teeth uniserial, conic, in both jaws). 



MuUhypeneus Poey, Synopsis, 1868, p. 307 [maculatus) ; (teeth partly biserial 

 above, uniserial below). 



Bracliymidlus Bleeker, Archiv Neerl., XI, 1875, p. 333 {tetraspilus) ; (teeth in 

 both jaws, biserial in front). 



Eye large, high, posterior; opercle short, deep, with a posterior 

 spine; jaws with one or two series of rather strong, unequal teeth; no 

 teeth on vomer or palatines; barbels nearly as long as head; head and 

 body with very large, somewhat ctenoid scales; lateral line continu- 

 ous, its tubes branched on each scale; first dorsal with 8 spines; caudal 

 forked. Species numerous in the tropical seas. 



All the Japanese species belong to the section, Parupeneus^ having 

 the teeth strictly uniserial in both jaws. 



(tpsvS^g^ false; upeneus.) 



KEY TO SPECIES. 



a. Gillrakers numerous, about 6 + 23 on first arch; caudal peduncle with a dusky 

 saddle; scales 30. 

 b. Soft dorsal and anal with posterior rays produced or filamentous; body with three 



dark crossbands nioana, 1 



bb. Soft dorsal and anal without filamentous rays. 



«The name Upeneus was first restricted by Bleeker to the species which, like bifas- 

 ciatus, have the teeth in both jaws, conic and uniserial; those with teeth on jaws, 

 vomer and palatines also, being called Upeneoides. But as Upeneoides viUatns is the 

 first species mentioned under Upeneus by Cuvier, Bleeker afterwards transferred the 

 name Upeneus to this group, giving the new name, Parupeneufi, to Upeneus bifasciatus. 

 Viitatus stands as chef defile or type in the arrangement of Cuvier and Valenciennes. 

 It should therefore, in my judgment, remain the type of Upeneus, as in Bleeker's later 

 papers. — Jordan. 



