NO. 3558 MALLOPHAGA—ELBEL 5 
either side of the midline of the “ventral sclerite between the vulva 
and anus” (fig. 27h). 
The “anal fringe” (‘anal corona” of Ferris, 1923) surrounds the 
female anus on abdominal segment X (figs. 28, 45, 52). 
“‘Species-groups” are groups of similar species within a genus. 
“Fresh material” indicates that Mallophaga were obtained from 
the host that was collected in the field as contrasted to mallophagan 
“dried material”? which was obtained from dried museum skins either 
personally (REE) or by my wife, Lyda. 
Methods 
Dried material was obtained from museum skins by lightly fluffing 
the bird feathers, particularly around the neck and lower belly, over 
a white surface. Emerson (1954) stated that contamination that 
occurred on museum skins was well known and that records of Mal- 
lophaga so obtained should be considered questionable. Mallophaga 
that were obtained from museum skins were considered here to be 
stragglers unless they belonged to recognized hornbill genera and 
unless they were represented by other specimens obtained from 
additional skins or fresh material of the same host species. Cor- 
respondingly, about 20 percent of the dried material was considered 
to be stragglers. The mounting procedure was suggested by Dr. 
K. C. Emerson (in litt.): Mallophaga were placed in 10 percent 
potassium hydroxide overnight, transferred to distilled water, and 
after one hour the body contents were teased out. Specimens 
were placed in fresh 10 percent potassium hydroxide for 6-12 hours, 
after which they again were transferred to distilled water. Approxi- 
materly one-half hour later specimens were put into 40 percent 
ethyl alcohol. Fifteen minutes later several drops of carbol fuchsin 
(Ziehl Nielson) were added and allowed to act for one-half hour. 
Specimens were placed in 70 percent ethyl alcohol for one-half hour, 
followed by 95 percent ethyl alcohol for 15 minutes. Next, speci- 
mens were washed in 100 percent ethyl alcohol for a few minutes and 
placed in Beechwood Creosote for one hour to overnight, after which 
they were mounted in Gum Damar or other dried resin media. 
Drawings were prepared from holotypes and allotypes except as 
noted in the text. All drawings were prepared with the aid of a 
300-watt, 35-mm. slide projector as suggested by Dr. K. C. Emerson 
(in litt.). The monocular microscope with the mounted Mallophaga 
was turned on its side, the ocular and mirror removed, and the slide 
projector placed at the lower end of the microscope so that the light 
projected the image onto a vertical surface, from which the outline 
was traced on Bristol board or drawing velum. Measurements were 
obtained by projecting a millimeter scale from a stage micrometer 
