NO. 3560 AGARISTINE MOTHS—TODD 5 
author is distribution of a ‘pre-print’ with no bibliographic standing.” 
“The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature of 1961’ does 
not exclude preprints. Preprints conform to the requirements of 
article 8, “What Constitutes Publication.” Furthermore, they are 
not excluded under article 9, “What Does Not Constitute Publication.” 
Recommendation 21D states: ‘‘Preprints should be definitely identified 
as such.” This is, however, only a recommendation, and it was 
obviously not intended that the recommendation be retroactive. 
The resolution of the problem of publication dates for these par- 
ticular papers of Grote and Herrich-Schiffer is dependent upon answers 
to the following questions: Is the printer’s date “July 1866” for Grote’s 
paper accurate? If so, did Grote receive author’s copies at that time 
or at some time prior to the distribution of the number by the society? 
Did he distribute copies prior to the society’s distribution of the 
paper (Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 153-252)? Is 
the date of publication for number 2 of volume 6 (‘March 4, 1867’’) 
as Brown indicated? Were numbers of the yearbook (Corresp. Blatt 
Zool.-Min. Verein. Regensburg) that contained Herrich-Schiffer’s 
paper published in July, August, and September of 1866? 
In the absence of evidence to the contrary, the printer’s date ‘July 
1866”’ must be considered to be accurate. This date of printing does 
not seem unreasonable considering the fact that Grote had submitted 
the paper for publication 5 months previously. 
We do not have any direct evidence that Grote did, in fact, receive 
author’s copies prior to distribution of the number by the society. 
Brown (1964, p. 306) has indicated that receipt of author’s copies was 
the usual practice, but, in the absence of definite evidence, we cannot 
conclude that Grote received such copies of the paper in question. 
Grote did have separates because the Proceedings (Proc. Acad. Nat. 
Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 19, p. 269, under ‘‘Donations to the Library’’) 
reported receiving a copy from Grote sometime in 1867. That Grote 
considered his paper to have been published in July 1866 may, but 
does not necessarily, indicate that he had received author’s copies by 
that date. It would be helpful if we knew what Grote considered to 
constitute publication. Some authors of the past thought that the 
date manuscripts were accepted for publication was the publication 
date or at least utilized such dates in claiming priority over papers 
accepted at later dates by other publications. Grote may have con- 
sidered the date printed to be the date of publication. 
A search of the literature has produced the following information 
supporting Brown’s cited year of publication, but no additional actual 
dates within the year are known. The Zoological Record (1867, vol. 4, 
p. 335) cited the date of the Grote paper as 1867. The receipt in 1867 
