578 THE BOX TORTOISES OF NORTH AMERICA— TAYLOR, vol.xvii. 



1831. — Emys (Cistuda) Carolina', Gray, iu Griffith's Auimal Kingdom, ix, Aitpend., p. 7. 



1831. — Cistuda Carolina, Gray, Synopsis Reptilium, i, p. 18. — Holbrook, North 

 American Herpetology, 2 ed., i, 1842, p. 31, PI. ii. — Ue Kay, Zoology of 

 New Yorlt, pt. iii, 1812, p. 24, PI. i., lig. 1. — Gray, Catalogue of Tortoises 

 in the British Museum, 1844, p. 30. 



1835. — Cistuda Carolina, Dumeril aud Bibrox, Erp6tologie G^n^rale, ii, 1835, p. 210; 

 IV, 1854, p. 224. — Dumeril, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, Cata- 

 logue Methodique de la Collection des Reptiles, 1851, p. 7 (part). — Wied, 

 Nov. Acta Acad. Leop. Carol., xxxii, i, 1865, p. 1, PI. i, fig. 1. — Gray, 

 Supplement to the Catalogue of Shield Reptiles, 1870, p. 19; Hand-list of 

 Specimens of Shield Reptiles in the British Museum, 1873, p. 18. — True, 

 iu Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24, 1883, p. 37. — Boulenger, Catalogue of 

 the Chelonians in the British Museum, 1889, p. 115, figs. 32, 33. — Strauch, 

 M(^m. Acad. Sci. St.-Pdtersb. (7) xxxviii. No. 2, 1890, p. 62 (part).— Baur, 

 Proc. Amer. Philos. See, 1892, p. 44. 



1835. — Pyxidemys schneideri, Fitzinger, Ann. Wiener Mus., i, p. 123. 



1835. — Pyxidemys virgalata, Fitzinger, Ann. Wiener Mus., i, p. 123. 



1835. — Pyxidemys clausa, Fitzinger, Ann. Wiener Mus., i, p. 123. 



1857. — Cistudo virginica, Agassiz, Contributions to the Natural History of the United 

 States, I, p. 445, PI. iv, figs. 17-19; PI. viii, figs. 10-14. 



1862. — Terrapene carinata (part), Strauch, M6m, Acad. Sci. St.-P6tersh. (7) v, No. 7, 

 p. 96; viii. No. 13, 1865, p. 45. 



1875. — Cistudo clausa, subsp. clausa. Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No 1, p. 53. 



ISSi:.— Cistudo carinata, S. Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., xvi, p. 10. 



1892. — Cistudo Carolina var. Carolina, H. Garman, Bull. HI. State Lab. Nat. Hist., in, 

 p. 219. 



Qiiadrato-jugal rudimentary, triangular in shape and connected witli 

 tlie quadrate only. Zygomatic arch ab.sent. Maxillary, distinctly 

 beaked but not notched. Cervicals and their processes relatively short. 

 Upper branch of the scapula somewhat longer than the inner branch 

 (endoscapula), but not so long as in T. major. Number of phalanges in 

 forefoot, 2-3-3-3-2 or 2-3-3-2-2; hind foot, 2-3-3-3-2. Digits slightly 

 webbed. Claws in the hind foot, 4. First pleural plate approximately 

 twice as long as wide. 



Carapace ovoid in outline; ratio of width to length in adults, about 

 as 10 to 12. Not compressed above; keel distinct and median ridge 

 absent. Color dark brown or blackish, marked by yellowish or brownish 

 radiating spots and lines. Often the keel is marked by an interrupted 

 yellow or brownish yellow line. 



Plastron oval in outline, with distinct shoulders on each side, of the 

 hinge area. Ground color dull yellow, variously blotched and mottled 

 with lavendar brown. 



Kentucky and Tennessee specimens are the most beautiful of our 

 North American forms, and may possibly be entitled to rank as a 

 variety of T. Carolina. The carapace is ovoid in horizontal outline; 

 semiovoid in transverse section. The general color is black or very 

 dark brown, marked by bright yellow, sometimes the latter color pre- 

 vailing. The i^osterior portions of the second, third, and fourth ver- 

 tebral plates are marked by distinct but irregular quadrate blotches 

 which are broadly bordered by bright yellow. The upper portions of 

 the first, second, and third costal plates are similarly marked. The 



