INTRODUCTION 



Although many aspects of the biology of frogs and toads are 

 reasonably X'/ell known, antlpredator mechanisms have been largely 

 overlooked or superficially treated. To date, there has not been 

 8. review of e.nuran defensive mechanisms. 



The purpose of this bibliography is twofold. One objective is 

 to prerent a comprehensive list of published works dealing in any 

 xvay with frog defensive mechanisms. To accomplish this, I have tried 

 to review all references of frog antipredator mechanisms to verify 

 that the reference is correct, to catalogue the different behaviors 

 rnd mechanisms, and to list the species inx'olved. Papers dealing i:ith 

 bioche?nistry and pharmacology of secretions have been e::cluded e::cept 

 where they pertp.in directly to antipredator cv defensive mechanisms, 

 I suggest those interested in biochemistry and pharmacology consult 

 I.ovr flf^72'! and Paly and Witkop (1971) for references on thece sub- 

 -"cctG, At tr.e end of the bibliography, there is a subject by reference 

 listing. 



The second objective of this bibliography is to stirralate re- 

 ferrch in the area of anuran antipredator m.echanisms. Much remains 

 to be learned about anuran behavior and a bibliography hopefully will 

 provide stimulation as vrell as a reference source, I would appreciate 

 recei\''in^ any r.dditional information vzhich may have been excluded. 



Finally, J woiild like to thank the following people \fho provided 

 needed information: Oeorge Zug, Ron Heyer, Bruce Bury, Steve Busack, 

 Ron Crombie, and Ron Altig. Bart Favruck provided the cover illustra- 

 tion of a I'aloula pulchra in its defensive posture, 



Abalos, .T.W. 1967. The coraline frog. (A venomous amphibian of the 



Eoutljern ^.aco), Turtox Fevjs h^:3^'-3S » 

 Allen, "^.R. and ''.T, Neill, 1^56. Effect of marine toad toxins on iian, 



Herpetolcgica l^^rl^O-l'^l, 

 AltDf, R. l<^7r. Pefensive behavior in Rsna areolata and Hyla avivcoa . 



Quart. J, Fla, Acad, Sci, 3^:212-77^7 

 Anderson, P.K, 19.^l!-. Studies in the ecology of the narrow-mouthed toad 



Microhyla carolinensis carol i nensis . Tulane Stud, Zool. 2:l5-l|-6, 

 Angel, P. 19II-7. Vie et moeurs des' amphibiens. Payot, Paris. 

 Arnandale, F. I<^r0, Observatiops on the habits and natural surround- 



in-s of inre-.cts iT.do dvrirg f e '"keat '^r^edi Lion' to the ■I.Il." 



^rrii cula, 1899-1900. Proc. Zool, Soc, London 1900:837-868. 

 Annandale, N, 191?^, Zoological results of the Abor expedition 1911- 



1912, Batrachia, Records of the ^ndian I'^s, 8:7-36, 



Banta, B.H. and G. Carl, 1967, Death feigning behavior in^the eastern 

 gray treefrog Hyla versicolor versi color . Herpetologica 23:317- 



318. 



Barbour, T, 1926. Reptiles and Amphibians. Houghton Ilifflin Co., 

 Boston. 



Barbour, T, and A, Loveridge, 1928. A comparative study of the herpe- 

 tological fauna of the Uluguru and Usambara llountains, Tangan- 

 yika "territory, with descriptions of neir species. Mem. Mus, 

 Gomp. Zool, Harvard ^0:87-265. 



Berridge, N.S. 1935. All about reptiles and batrachians, George G, 

 Farrap Co. Ltd., London, 



Belt, T. lP)7ii-. The Naturalist in Nicaragua, J. Murray, London. 



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