484 Capt. H. W. Feilden on the Post-tertiary Beds 



movement of upheaval ; or, to be perfectly correct, we find on 

 it traces in all directions that there has been a movement of 

 upheaval since there was any subsidence." 



The evidences of recent elevation in Grinnell Land and 

 North Greenland may be grouped under several headings, 

 namely : — 



Mountain-tops and elevated plateaux, having fragments of 

 molluscan remains scattered over their surfaces with ice-borne 

 erratic boulders. 



Terminal moraines of ancient glaciers, now elevated above 

 the sea-level, containing numerous molluscan remains. 



Series of ancient sea-levels rising tier above tier with great 

 regularity ; remains of fossil Mollusca are not unfrequently 

 scattered along these beaches, whilst erratic boulders have been 

 numerously stranded on their slopes and terraces, 



Pushed-up mounds or long ridges of gravels, observed at 

 various elevations ; whilst similar formations were seen at the 

 sea-level, where the edges of the pack had been driven vio- 

 lently inshore. 



Glacial scratches at considerable elevations on cliffs forming 

 the shores of Robeson Channel. 



Numerous deposits of sand, mud, and gravel occupying the 

 interiors of valleys, and the bottoms and margins of the fresh- 

 water lakes dispersed over the land. These valleys must 

 recently have been fiords, bays, or arms of the sea; the deposits 

 now resting on their flanks and in the hollows, sometimes 

 attaining a thickness of 200 to 300 feet, were formed by the 

 summer torrents charged with sediment. The same process 

 is going on at the present day ; wherever a stream discharges 

 into the sea, the turbid fresh water shows distinctly : whilst the 

 floe with its cargoes of stones and gravel is rotted and de- 

 stroyed by the comparatively heated fresh water, as a rule the 

 edges of the deltas along the northern shores of Grinnell 

 Land are marked by a line of huge grounded floebergs. 

 On more than one occasion whilst navigating Robeson 

 Channel, these embouchures, though very shallow, proved 

 true harbours of refuge to our vessel, threatened with destruc- 

 tion by the closing-in pack. The quantity of material brought 

 down by these summer torrents during the few weeks of their 

 existence is to be accounted for by the fact that, as a rule, they 

 cut through and wash away the mud and sand beds, which 

 have been formed at earlier stages of upheaval under similar 

 circumstances. I found no evidence of oscillation marking 

 the progress of upheaval in these deposits^ but, on the contrary, 

 proof that there have been no periods of subsidence. In every 

 case where these valley mud beds were left intact they are 



